History

a) Ijara:  the Ijarahsystem or revenue farming was introduced to boost up the state’s revenue in Bengal in the reign of Jahandar Shah (1712–13), who was supported by nobel Zulfiqar Khan.Under this system, when peasant did not have resources available for cultivation or due to some calamity cultivation could not be done, the lands were farmed … Read more DMPQ:Explain the following terms: a) Ijara b) Kankut c) Khiraj

Ibadatkhana: The IbadatKhana or House of Worship was a prayer or a meeting room built by Akbar at his palace in Fatehpur Sikri. Originally he intended the place to be only for Sunni Muslims to gather and discuss various issues. However, when petty differences between other religious sects and followers got out of control he … Read more DMPQ:Describe the following terms: a) IbadatKhana b) Mansabdari c) Iqta

Diwani-i-WIzarat:It was the finance department headed by the wazir (Prime-minister). Naib wazir acted as deputy to wazir. The wazir was assisted by the mushrif-i-mamalik, (accountant) who maintained a record of the accounts and the mustauf-i-mamalik (auditor) who audited this account. Under Firuz Tughluq, wazirs became hereditary.   Diwan-i-Ariz:   Headed by the Ariz-i-mamalik, it was the … Read more DMPQ: Define the following terms: a) Diwan-i-wizarat b) Diwan-I-Arz c) Diwan-i-Insha d) Diwan-i-Risalat

Din-i-illahi:     Din-i-IIahi proclaimed by Akbar was an order or people with a motto of peace with all (sulehkull), rather than as an eclectic religion. Akbar’s Hindu nobles preferred to remain aloof, with only Birbal consenting to become a member. Raja Todar Mal, Raja Bhagwan Das and Raja Man Singh all declined to associate with … Read more DMPQ- . Explain following terms: a) Din-i-illahi b) Dahsala

The Battle of Saragarhi occurred on 12 September 1897 and was fought between 10,000 Orakzai and Afghan tribesmen and just 21 soldiers of the 4th Battalion of the British India’s Sikh Regiment.All 21 Sikhs chose to defend their army post, instead of choosing to surrender.The UK parliament gave all the brave Sikh soldiers a standing … Read more DMPQ- What is Battle of Saragarhi?

The Vellore Mutiny predated the Indian Revolt of 1857 by about 50 years. It erupted on 10th July 1806 in Vellore, present-day Tamil Nadu, and lasted only for a day, but it was brutal and shook the British East India Company. It was the first major mutiny by the Indian sepoys in the East India Company. … Read more DMPQ- What is Vellore mutiny? What were the causes of Mutiny?

The Komagata Maru incident is about a Japanese steamship called  ‘Komagata Maru’ that voyaged from Hong Kong (part of British Empire) to Vancouver, British Columbia in Canada passing through Shanghai, China to Yokohama (Japan) in the year 1914, carrying 376 passengers from Punjab, part of British India. Out of all the passengers 24 were admitted … Read more DMPQ- Write short note on Komagata Maru Incident.

The Akali Movement also known as Gurdwara Reform Movement came into full swing from the early 1920’s. Its aim was to bring reform in the working and management of Sikh Gurdwaras.The Akali Movement was created to free the Sikhs historic Gurdwaras from Mahants who were supported by the British rule.Eventually the Gurdwara Reform Act was … Read more DMPQ: Short note on Akali movement.

Named after One of the most prominent religious figures of India during the nineteenth century, Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa was a mystic and a yogi who translated complex spiritual concepts into lucid and easily intelligible manner. He pursued the Divine throughout his life in various forms and believed in divine embodiment of the Supreme Being in … Read more DMPQ: Ramakrishna Mission

The characteristics of Peasant movement were: Movements were localised in character and did not leave and successor. The revolts were against the zamindars and money lenders. Unlike Tribal uprising the movements were not against the British colonialism and their exploitative policy. The revolts were characterised by hindu Muslim unity. Pre mutiny the movements were highly … Read more DMPQ: What were the main features of the Nature of peasant movement in India?

Vaikom Satyagraha was a movement in Travancore (modern-day Kerala) for temple entry of the depressed classes. It took place near the Shiva Temple at Vaikom, Kottayam district, Kerala during 1924-25. Vaikom was at that time a part of the princely state of Travancore.According to the prevalent caste system in Kerala and the rest of India, … Read more DMPQ: Write a short note on Vaikom Satyagraha?

This fiery female leader in Indian freedom struggle gets often compared with Rani Laxmibai for her courageous acts during the days of freedom fighting.  At a tender age of 16, she began a movement against the British imperialism demanding end of colonial rule and resurgence of Zeliangrong religion and Naga self-rule. The British administration captured … Read more DMPQ:Given an account on the contribution of Rani Gaidinliu in Indian Freedom struggle.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was a revolutionary organisation, also known as Hindustan Socialist Republican Army established in the year 1928 at Feroz Shah Kotla, New Delhi by Chandrasekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and other group members. Previously,it was known as Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) . Likewise the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was also … Read more DMPQ:Relevance of Hindustan Socialist Republic Association

Anglo-French were two major contenders of power during 18th century. Both nation tried to achieve supremacy over other. The major effect of Anglo-french rivalry were: Three Carnatic war were fought. Subsidiary alliance at nascent stage was started. Respective power started to make alliance with Indians prominent forces at that time. Introduction of modern warfare. Dispute … Read more DMPQ: What was the effect of anglo-french rivalry on India in 18th century?

The important outcome of the Battle of Buxar was the Treaty of Allahabad signed on 16 August 1765 between Lord Clive and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, who had submitted to the British in the battle. As per this treaty: Mughal Emperor granted Fiscal Rights (Diwani)or right to administer the territory and collect taxes to … Read more DMPQ: What was the treaty of Allahabad? Explain in detail.

Project ‘Mausam’ is the initiative of Ministry of Culture to be implemented by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as the nodal agency with research support of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) and National Museum as associate bodies. This project aims to explore the multi-faceted Indian Ocean ‘world’–collating archaeological and historical … Read more DMPQ: Project Mausam

: The policy of “DIVIDE AND RULE ” is a political tool to take advantage of the schism prevalent in the society and prolong the dominance over the people . It’s an age old idea having roots dating back to Roman empire .   Essential features of DIVIDE and Rule followed by British are as … Read more DMPQ: . What do you understand by the policy of divide and rule? (HISTORY)

Safety Valve theory: The INC was started under the official direction, guidance and advice of Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy, to provide a safe, mild, peaceful and constitutional outlet or safety valve for the rising discontent among the masses, which was inevitably leading towards a popular and violent revolution. The safety valve theory is inadequate and … Read more DMPQ: What is safety valve theory? Does the safety valve theory explain the formation of congress? ( HISTORY)

Britishers rule was draining the economic resources from India but to unification of the country required administrative and economic unity. The by product of this policy was rise of nationalism and collective identity finding coherence in the form of national movement. Similar education, police system, judicial system , railways, telegraphy , postal system, introduction of … Read more DMPQ: What were the factors which lead to the unification of the hitherto fragmented and diversified India in the 19th century? ( HISTORY)

  Congress started commanding the support and sympathy of vast sections of the Indian people. Millions of Indians became politically involved. Women were drawn into the movement. c)Muslims participated heavily and communal unity was maintained. d)Strengthened the national movement. Nationalist sentiments and the national movement had reached the remotest corners of the land. e)People gained … Read more DMPQ: Although non cooperation movement failed to achieve the desired objective, it had huge significance. Comment ( HISTORY)

Sardar‘s greatest role in the integration of states was his able handling of the Hyderabad crisis. Most of the states acceded to India, Hyderabad was a landlocked state that stretched over 82,000 square miles (over 212,000 square kilometres) in southeastern India. While 87% of its 17 million people were Hindu, its ruler Nizam Osman Ali … Read more DMPQ: . What were the course of events unfolded in operation polo? ( HISTORY)

:  The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy devised by Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor General of India between 1848 and 1856. There was a widespread custom of adoption among the Indian kings to secure an heir in the absence of a natural successor i.e. son. But as per the doctrine of lapse … Read more DMPQ: . Explain the role of doctrine of lapse and doctrine of escheat in the formation of British empire. (HISTORY )

Ramanuja: Born in A.D. 1166 in a small town near Chenni (Madras), Ramanuja was a worshipper of Vishnu and preached Vaishnavism. He had a great following in the South. Ramananda: The greatest preacher of this cult in north India was Ramananda. He discarded all caste distinctions and his disciples belonged to all castes.   Kabir: … Read more DMPQ: Name some of the famous Bhakti saints of Medieval India.

Ramanuja: Born in A.D. 1166 in a small town near Chenni (Madras), Ramanuja was a worshipper of Vishnu and preached Vaishnavism. He had a great following in the South. Ramananda: The greatest preacher of this cult in north India was Ramananda. He discarded all caste distinctions and his disciples belonged to all castes.   Kabir: … Read more DMPQ: Name some of the famous Bhakti saints of Medieval India.

Rig Vedic economy was primarily pastoral. They domesticated Pashu (which included cattle, horse and even human beings), as opposed to Mriga, i.e. wild animals. Cattle was synonymous with wealth and a wealthy person was called Gomat. Cattle was so important that the terms of battle were derived from Gau itself, such as Gavisti, Gosu, Gavyat, … Read more DMPQ: Comment on the rig veda economy. (Ancient India)

:  It was not just the fact that they built magnificent temples or made exquisite idols, the Cholas also came up with an excellent system of governance and administration. While it was a monarchy, like most other kingdoms of that era, there was a serious attempt to decentralize, and provide self government right at the … Read more DMPQ: Give a brief account on the administration of Cholas. (History)

  He banned forced conversion in 1562. He abolished pilgrim tax on Hindus. Jaziya was also abolished which usede to be levy on non muslims. Akbar constructed Ibadatkhana at FatehpurSikri for religious discourses and discussions to be conducted every Thursday. Akbar invited father monsuratte and father Aquinois to speak on Christianity, Pt. Puroshottam on Hinduism, … Read more DMPQ: Akbar was highly tolerant Mughal emperor. Discuss the religious policy of Akbar. (Medieval History)

Akbar and his successors brought revolutionary changes to painting and sensual illustrations. From this period book illumination or individual miniatures replaced wall painting as the most vital form of art. Emperor Akbar patronised artists from Kashmir and Gujarat; Humayun brought two Persian painters to his court. For the first time painters‘ names were recorded in … Read more DMPQ: The art of textual illustration got a new look under the Mughals. Discuss the achievements in the field of painting. (Medieval India)

Saint Kabir mystic poet & saint was brought up in Muslim weaver family.He spreaded his spiritual message in simple words . He opposed hypocrisy,superstition,caste system.Teachings of Kabir were also mentioned in books of Sikh religion.   Following are the teachings of Saint Kabir: Anti Casteism -Don’t ask caste of saint.Rather ask his knowledge.   Humility – Use always sweet polite … Read more DMPQ: What were the teachings of Saint Kabir? ( Medieval India)

There is a remarkable similarities between bhakti movement and sufism. This is reflected in the socio-religious life of the then era. Major similarities between bhakti movement and sufism are as follows: Element of tolerance is the basic constituent of both streams. They buttressed hindu-muslim unity. This can be testified by the number of followers from … Read more DMPQ: What are the similarities between bhakti movement and sufism? (Medieval INDIA/ BHAKTI MOVEMENT)

Cholas were great patron of art and architecture. Brihadeshwar temple and bronze sculpture of Nataraj are testimony to that. Cholas built many temples throughout their kingdoms. For example temple at Narthamalai, kumbakonam, etc. The major features of Chola art and architecture are as follows:   Architecture: Use of local stones They followed the pallava style … Read more DMPQ:Discuss the characteristics of the Chola art and their contribution in the field of art and architecture. (Ancient Art)

:   The Vedas are considered the earliest literary record of the Indo-Aryan Civilisation. It is the most sacred scriptures of India. They were meant to be mantras in praise of various Aryan Gods. The word vedas means wisdom, knowledge or vision. There are four vedas:   Rig veda Sama Veda Yajur veda Atharva veda   … Read more DMPQ: What are vedas? Name the vedas and its composition. ( Ancient India)

    Achievements in the field of Science and Tech:   Physics- They knew the existence of atoms and molecules even before the Greeks. Vaiseshika School elaborated the atomic theory.Brahamagupta anticipated Newton‘s theory of gravitation by declaring that –‘All things fall on the Earth by law of nature’ and it is the nature of the Earth … Read more DMPQ:Discuss the achievements of Indian in the field of Science and technology in Ancient India. ( Ancient India)

  Commercialisation of Indian agriculture. Changed the nature and structure of agriculture A new class of landlords emerged that rented the land to farmers. Class of Moneylenders became the part of agriculture which destroyed the self sustained village unit. Loss of patronage to handicraft industry added another pressure on Indian land. Support from the ruling … Read more DMPQ: How did British colonial rule affect Indian agriculture? ( History)

Lord Cornwallis is usually known as the Father of civil services in India. He had introduced the Covenanted Civil Services and the Uncovenanted Civil Services. The Covenanted Civil Services was created out of the Law of the Company. It was the higher civil services and comprised, almost exclusively, of Europeans who were paid very high … Read more DMPQ: Discuss the evolution of civil services in India? (History)

  i) Realisation that the true nature of British rule was exploitative, and the government, instead of conceding more, was taking away even what existed. ii) Growth of self- confidence and self- respect. iii) Impact of growth of education- increase in awareness and     unemployment. iv) International influences and events which demolished the myth of white/ … Read more DMPQ: Why there was the growth of militant nationalism at the end of the 19th century? (history)

Direct Action Day (1946) Direct Action Day hartal called by the Muslim League on August 16, 1946 to get rid of ‘British slavery and contemplated future caste-Hindu domination’. The  backdrop of the Direct Action Day was not only the Muslim League’s acceptance of the cabinet mission plan, but also the loss of face it had … Read more DMPQ: What do you mean by Direct Action Day ?

Reverence for Our Revealed Scriptures Hindus believe in the divinity of the Vedas, the world’s most ancient scripture, and venerate the Agamas as equally revealed. These primordial hymns are God’s word and the bedrock of Sanatana Dharma, the eternal religion which has neither beginning nor end. All-Pervasive Divinity Hindus believe in a one, all-pervasive Supreme … Read more DMPQ: What are 9 Basic Hindu Beliefs?

  The “Mahaparinibbana Sutta” of the Dighanikaya describes seven conditions for the welfare, prosperity, and happiness of any community, nation or country. These conditions must be considered before serving the people for their gradual development and welfare. These seven conditions are: To assemble on occasion whenever necessary to discuss the affairs of the community. To … Read more DMPQ: Highlight the The Ideal of Service in Buddhism

:   Major provisions of the act are as follows:   Introduction of portfolio system by lord canning. Expansion of executive council. Now there were 4 members. For legislative purpose, the governor general council was expanded. Now 6-12 additional members can be nominated. There were appointed for a period of 2 years. Out of these, at … Read more DMPQ: Discuss the provisions of the charter act of 1861.(history)

        the legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General’s council were separated.   This act served as the foundation of the modern parliamentary form of government. The legislative wing of the Governor-General’s Council acted as a parliament on the model of the British Parliament.   It extended the company’s rule for an indefinite period unlike … Read more DMPQ: Discuss the provision of the charter act of 1853. (history)

By accepting the Mountbatten Plan/Partition, the Congress was only accepting what had become inevitable because of the long-term failure of the Congress to draw in the Muslim masses into the national movement and stem the surging waves of Muslim communalism, which, especially since 1937, had been beating with increasing fury. The Congress leaders felt by … Read more DMPQ: What could be the reasons for the acceptance of “Partition” by the Congress ?

He said that religion should be adaptable with time or else it would become fossilised, and that religious tenets were not immutable. He advocated a critical approach and freedom of thought and no dependence on tradition or custom. He was also a zealous educationist—as an official, he opened schools in towns, got books translated into … Read more DMPQ: Write a short note on Sayyid Ahmad Khan and the Aligarh movement.

Akbar’s policy (Akbar – Shah Jahan) After the mid-16th century, many Rajput rulers formed close relationships with the Mughal emperors and served them in different capacities It was due to the support of the Rajputs that Akbar was able to lay the foundations of the Mughal empire in India. Some Rajput nobles gave away their … Read more DMPQ: Differentiate between the Akhbar and Aurangzeb’s policy for Rajputs.

Reasons of Humayun’s Downfall   ? The major reasons for Humayun’s failure were:   o Humayun’s inability to understand the nature of the Afghan power and Sher Shah’s deceptive trick.   o The presence of large numbers of Afghan tribes across the north India and their nature of getting united under a capable leader (like … Read more DMPQ: What were the mains Reasons of Humayun’s Downfall?

Shaivism Shaivism reveres the god Shiva as the Supreme Being. Shaivas believe that Shiva is All and in all, the creator, preserver, destroyer, revealer and concealer of all that is. Devotees of Shiva wear Sacred ash as a sectarian mark on their foreheads and other parts of their bodies with reverence. The Sanskrit words bhasma … Read more DMPQ: What do you mean by Shaivism? mention the sub sects under Shaivism.

A life of righteousness for a Hindu is possible through the fourfold scheme of practical endeavour. It comprises the concepts of dharma, artha, kama and moksha Dharma is honest and upright conduct or righteous action. Artha means a righteous and honest pursuit of economic activities. Kama is the fulfillment of one’s normal desires. Moksha is … Read more DMPQ: What do mean by the Concepts of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha ?

The Badami Chalukya era was an important period in the development of South Indian architecture. The kings of this dynasty were called Umapati Varlabdh and built many temples for the Hindu god Shiva. Their style of architecture is called “Chalukyan architecture” or “Karnata Dravida architecture”. Nearly a hundred monuments built by them, rock cut (cave) … Read more DMPQ: Write an essay on the development of Architecture during Chalukyas.

There were two Systems of government in the Eastern region. The states of Anga, Magadha, Vatsa etc. were monarchies. Those of Kasf, Kaulala, Videha etc. on the other band were republics. Two of these republics were quite well known, the Republics of the Vajjis or Licchavis and that of the Mallas. Republics were later developments of monarchies and the precursors of democracies. The Licchavis founded their Republic … Read more DMPQ: Write a short note on the republican constitution of the The Licchavi’s .

It was not just the fact that they built magnificent temples or made exquisite idols, the Cholas also came up with an excellent system of governance and administration.  While it was a monarchy, like most other kingdoms of that era, there was a serious attempt to decentralize, and provide self government right at the local … Read more DMPQ: Explain the administrative structure of Chola’s.