Category: History

The Congress was on the brink of split. The 1907 session was to be held at Nagpur. But Nagpurwas the stronghold of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The moderates were aware that the local delegateswould raise the issues in favor of the Read More …

Sardar’s greatest role in the integration of states was his able handling of the Hyderabad crisis. Most of the states acceded to India, Hyderabad was a landlocked state that stretched over 82,000 square miles (over 212,000 square kilometres) in southeastern Read More …

The group comprised of Kalidasa Vetala Bhatta Varahamihira Vararuchi Amarasimha Dhanvantari kshapanak Shanku Ghatakarpura Kalidasa Kalidasa was a famous Sanskrit writer and poet in the court of Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya). Kalidasa was the author of three famous plays. Abhijnanasakuntalam :tells Read More …

The earliest efforts in Municipal administration in India were made in the Presidency Towns of Madras, Calcutta and Bombay. In 1687, an order of Court of Directors directed the formation of a Corporation of Europeans and Indian members of the Read More …

No country under colonial dependence could undertake any industrial transformation, if not all-round development. Up to the First World War, India experienced the classic period of imperialism of free trade and the British Government’s unsympathetic, hostile policy against industry. In Read More …

Religious reform began among the Parsis in Mumbai in the middle of the 19th century. In 1851, the Rehnumai Maz’dayasan Sabha or Religious Reform Association was founded by Nauroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, S.S. Bengalee and others. They started a journal Read More …

Socialism also had a revolutionary side. One such important organization was Hindustan socialist republican army (HSRA). Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was a revolutionary organisation, also known as Hindustan Socialist Republican Army established in 1928 at Feroz Shah Kotla New Read More …

The three secrets of the Bhagavad-Gita Great scholars of the Bhagavad-Gita say that the scripture fundamentally deals with three primary teachings, which are called the three secrets. The first secret is about duty. A person must do his duty according Read More …

Economic Critique of British Empire: It was perhaps the most important contribution ofthe moderates. RC Dutt, DadabhaiNaroji (Drain Theory). They also exposed the ill effectof foreign capital in India in form of suppression of Indian industries. ? Constitutional Reforms: Indian Read More …

The Extremists wanted to extend the Boycott and Swadeshi Movement to regions outsideBengal and also to include all forms of associations (such as government service, law courts,legislative councils, etc.) within the boycott programme and thus start a nationwide massmovement. The Read More …

Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, a teacher at Hindu College, Calcutta, in the 1820s, promoted radicalideas and encouraged his pupils to question all authority. Referred to as the Young BengalMovement, his students attacked tradition and custom, demanded education for women andcampaigned Read More …

LW was governor general of India during 1798-1805 and he played a major role in the expansion of East India Company.  His main objective were to expand British rule in India and to extend the trade relationship of the East Read More …

Main Differences Between Mathura School of Arts and Gandhara School of Arts-   (1) Origin Mathura School: No foreign Influence, however, later it cross fertilized with the Gandhara School. Its development took place indigenously. Gandhara School: Strong Greek influence.  Was based on Read More …

The Hunas’ invasion in India had far reaching effects and significance in Indian History, as mentioned below: First of all, the Hunas had destroyed the dominance of the Gupta Empire in India and on their feudatories. Small kingdoms began to Read More …

The illegal use of Mughal Imperial export trade permits (dastaks) granted to the British in 1717, for engaging in internal trade within India. The British cited this permit as their excuse for not paying taxes to the Bengal Nawab. British Read More …

Popularly known as the “Grand Old Man of India”, DadabhaiNaoroji was born in Bombay on 4September 1825 in a Parsi family with a prominent lineage of Zoroastrian priests. The youngNaoroji was therefore brought up to take on his father’s profession Read More …

Not contented with the political mendicancy of the ‘moderates’ and the inefficient decisionmaking of the ‘extremist’, the advent of individual and revolutionary terrorism was gettingprominence in the freedom struggle.Indian youth resort to revolutionary terrorism during the independence struggle in threephases: Read More …

Proto-historic period is the age nearest to the historical period. In so far as India is concerned the civilisation of the Vedic period is the proto-historic period. The hymns composed by the Vedic priests had perfected a poetic technique. These Read More …

Most important change was the evolution of caste system. Various sub castes evolved in addition to the traditional four-castes. The Brahmanas and Kshatriyas emerged as the two leading castes out of the general mass of population, known as vaisyas. The Read More …

Causes of Decline: Decline of Indian courts: The disappearance of Indian courts struck the first blow at Indian handicrafts. As native states passed under British rule, the demand for fine articles, for display in durbars and other ceremonial occasions disappeared. Read More …

Judicial Reforms Cornwallis introduced some significant reforms in the sphere of judicial administration and tried to complete the unfinished work of Warren Hastings. During his period number of revenue districts was reduced from 35 to 23 in the Presidency of Read More …

Poona Pact of 1932 is an agreement between the untouchables or depressed classes of India and the Hindus. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar led the depressed class. The Poona Pact took place at Yerawada Jail in Pune, Maharashtra on 24th September, 1932.During the Read More …

Administrative and Judicial Reforms: The administrative structure of British India had been given shape by Cornwallis. But since the days of Cornwallis the company had made great advances, and defects in that structure became apparent as it had not kept Read More …

On March 20, 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. Most of the WPP leadership was now put behind bars. The trial Read More …

The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny or the Bombay Mutiny was the revolt of the Indian sailors. The sailors who belonged to the Royal Indian Navy on board ship and shore establishments at Bombay harbour went for a strike and organised Read More …

The Licchavis turned to be great rivals of Magadhan monarchy. In the reign of Bimbisara of Magadha, they invaded the Magadhan kingdom. In the reign of Ajatasatru, a protracted war began between Magadha and the Lichchhavis. The latter were united with Read More …

The attitude of the British Government had also changed which now wanted to suppress every movement which will hamper its war image .As a result the quit India resolution was passed on 8th August and by 24 hours on 9 Read More …

Chalcolithic period Art: Copper age art. The paintings of this period reveal the association, contact and mutual exchange of requirements of the cave dwellers of this area with settled agricultural communities of the Malwa Plateau. Pottery and metal tools can Read More …

The earliest evidence of pottery manufacture comes from the site of Mehrgarh in Baluchistan, dated to 6500 BC. One of the characteristic features of the Chalcolithic period is a well-developed ceramic industry. They produced fine painted and plain and coarse Read More …

The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was enacted to curtail the freedom of the Indian-languages’ press. Lord Lytton was being bitterly criticized for the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80). So, he promulgated the act with an aim to prevent the vernacular Read More …

Mesolithic period Art: The largest number of paintings belongs to this period. Themes multiply but the paintings are small in size. Hunting scenes predominate Hunters in groups armed with barbed spears pointed sticks, arrows, and bows. Trap and snares used Read More …

Effects of Doctrine of Lapse: Many Indian states lost their sovereignty and became British territories. This led to a lot of unrest among the Indian princes. A lot of people were unhappy with the ‘illegal’ nature of this doctrine and Read More …

Dissatisfaction amongst Afghan nobles who supported Jalal- ud- Din. These nobles were brutally massacred by Imbrahim Lodi. Failure of administrative systems and blocking of trade routes which resulted in complete degeneration of the empires economy. Danger and threats posed by Read More …

Pala Dynasty administration was Monarchial and King or Monarch was the centre of all power. Pala rulers adopted Imperial titles like Parameshwar, Paramvattaraka, and Maharajadhiraja. They appointed Prime Ministers and the Line of Garga served as the Prime Ministers of Read More …

Expenditure carried out by company up to 1858 and by British government after 1858 in London on behalf of India. Home charges include – ? Dividend paid to shareholders by company. ? Interest paid by company on the loans raised Read More …

Naoroji was a prominent figure and play a significant role in Indian national movement. He was the first Asian to be member of British Parliament.  His work find mention across all fields i.e. social, political, economic etc . For his Read More …

Raja Ram tried to create a new Hindu religion philosophy and enfolded in it the existence of one God and other beliefs, which were then not the predominant features in Hinduism. He attacked some Hindu traditions and features among them caste system, Read More …

Arya Samaj,founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati on April 10, 1875 in Bombay (now Mumbai), is a social reform movement. Contrary to some misconceptions, it is not a religion or a new sect in Hindu religion. Swami Dayanand brought together a Read More …

Pre congress association were formed in 19th century. The political associations in the early half of the nineteenth century were dominated by wealthy and aristocratic elements and the The political associations of the second half of the nineteenth century came Read More …

The ‘Alipore Bomb Case’ was “the first state trial of any magnitude in India”. The British Government arrested Sri Aurobindo, a prominent Nationalist Leader at the time, Barindra Ghose, and many young revolutionaries. They were charged with “Conspiracy” or “waging Read More …

The Tebhaga movement is probably the greatest peasant movement in the history of India.  It was initiated in Bengal by the Kisan Sabha (peasants front of Communist Party of India) in 1946-1947. The Tebhaga movement was a movement of the share croppers of Bengal demanding two-thirds instead of half Read More …

The All India States Peoples’ Conference (AISPC) was a conglomeration of political movements in the princely states of the British Raj, which were variously called PrajaMandals or Lok Parishads. The first session of the organisation was held in Bombay in December 1927. The Conference looked to the Indian National Congress for support, Read More …

The glory of the Pallavas still remains in their contribution to the art and architecture. They were the pioneers of South Indian art and architecture. They had introduced the stone architecture in the Tamil country. Their contributions are still extant Read More …

Features are as follows: Sculptures have an ordered appearance with little effect of crowding. They are depicted in three-dimensional forms. Delicate ornamentations. Back slabs of the sculptures are detailed. Nalanda bronzes: dating from 7th and 8th centuries to the 12th Read More …

Mahatma Gandhi’s first Satyagraha in India is being marked this April. It was undertaken in the erstwhile undivided Champaran district in northern Bihar. He went there in April, 1917 on learning about the abuses suffered by the cultivators of the Read More …

Two-hundred years ago in 1817, a valiant uprising of soldiers led by BuxiJagabandhu (Bidyadhar Mohapatra) took place in Khurda of Odisha. This is known as Paika rebellion.The Paikas were the traditional land-owning militia of Odisha and served as warriors. When Read More …

Between the 6th and 4th century BCE, Magadha became the most important mahajanapada. The possible reasons could be: It was a region which was highly productive and hence surplus production was suitable for maintaining huge army. Magadha had huge resource Read More …

JOTIRAO GOVINDRAO PHULE occupies a unique position among the social reformers of Maharashtra in the nineteenth century. While other reformers concentrated more on reforming the social institutions of family and marriage with special emphasis on the status and right of Read More …

The Balfour Declaration was a letter written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lionel Walter Rothschild, in which he expressed the British government’s support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The long-term effects of the Balfour Declaration, and the Read More …

The 1919 Amritsar massacre, known alternatively as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre after the Jallianwala Bagh (Garden) in the northern Indian city of Amritsar, was ordered by General R.E.H. Dyer. On Sunday April 13, 1919, which happened to be ‘Baisakhi’, one Read More …