Astivya notes

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

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Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) seeks to measure relative female representation in economic and political power. It considers gender gaps in political representation, in professional and management positions in the economy, as well as gender gaps in incomes .GEM is a measure of inequalities between men’s and women’s opportunities in a country. It gives indicators to … Read more Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

TRENDS IN NUCLEAR POLICY, NPT AND CTBT

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  Nuclear policy of india Important points of india’s nuclear policy are as follows: Building and maintaining a credible minimum deterrent. nuclear weapons will only be used in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian Territory or on Indian forces elsewhere. Nuclear retaliation to a first strike will be massive and designed to inflict unacceptable … Read more TRENDS IN NUCLEAR POLICY, NPT AND CTBT

Cholas

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    The founder of the Chola Empire was Vijayalaya, who was first feudatory of the Pallavas of Kanchi. He captured Tanjore in 850 A.D. He established a temple of goddess Nishumbhasudini (Durga) there. Aditya I succeeded Vijayalaya. Aditya helped his overlord the Pallava king Aparajita against the Pandyas but soon defeated him and annexed … Read more Cholas

Non Co-operation and Khilafat Movement

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Non Co-operation Movement Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 1919: Dyarchy In a system called “dyarchy,” the nation-building departments of government — agriculture, education, public works, and the like — were placed under ministers who were individually responsible to the legislature. The departments that made up the “steel frame” of British rule — finance, revenue, and home affairs — … Read more Non Co-operation and Khilafat Movement

Administrative Organization of the British

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Army Army fulfilled four important functions: Instrument to conquer Indian powers Defended the British Empire in India against foreign rivals Safe-guarded against interinal revolt Chief instrument for extending and defending the British Empire in Asia and Africa. Bulk of the army consisted of Indians. In 1857, of the total strength of 311400, about 265900 were … Read more Administrative Organization of the British

Definition of speed,velocity, gravity, mass, weight, force, impact, work, power and energy

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Speed An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with time, with respect to its surroundings.Speed is defined as the distance moved per unit time, i.e Speed =Distance /Time When we say that an object is at rest or in motion,then this statement is incomplete and meaningless. Basically, rest & … Read more Definition of speed,velocity, gravity, mass, weight, force, impact, work, power and energy

Major types of rocks and their characteristics

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    They are aggregates or physical mixture of one or more minerals. Minerals on the other hand are made up of two or more elements in a definite ratio. They have a definite chemical composition. Crust is made up of more than 2000 minerals, but out of these, 6 are the most abundant and … Read more Major types of rocks and their characteristics

An overview of Education in Jharkhand

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  Jharkhand is one of the most educationally backward states in India. With a total of 21,386 schools for 32,620 villages, on an average only 65 % of villages in Jharkhand have a school. In a typical Jharkhand villages, there are around 10-12 tolas(habitation) and the distance between the tolas is sometimes more than 5 … Read more An overview of Education in Jharkhand

INDIAN PUBLIC FINANCE

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Indian Public Finance Value Added Tax Under the constitution the States have the exclusive power to tax sales and purchases of goods other than newspapers There are however defects of sales tax It is regressive in nature. Families with low income a larger proportion of their income as sales tax. Has a cascading effect – … Read more INDIAN PUBLIC FINANCE

EUTROPHICATION AND HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS

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  Eutrophication is a syndrome of ecosystem, response to the addition of artificial or natural substances such as nitrates and phosphates through fertilizer, sewage, etc that fertilize the aquatic ecosystem. The growth of green algae which we see in the lake surface layer is the physical identification of an Eutrophication. Some algae and blue-green bacteria … Read more EUTROPHICATION AND HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS

PARTNERSHIP

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  Partnership : Partnership is an association of two or more parties, they put money for business.         Simple Partnership: Simple partnership is one in which the capitals of the partners are invested for the same time. The profit or losses are divided among the partners in the ratio of their investments. … Read more PARTNERSHIP

Different Schools of Indian Philosophy

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          Nastika Shools of Indian System of Philosophy   Charvaka   Believes only in materialism. No life beyond death, no soul no god. Jaina     The names of two tirthankaras, Rishabhanath & Aristhanemia finds mention in Rig Veda. 540 BC   Twenty third was Parsva, son of Ishvaku king Asvasena. … Read more Different Schools of Indian Philosophy

Forests – Natural Vegetation of India

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Forests – Natural Vegetation of India   Table of Contents 1Forests – Natural Vegetation of India 2Classification of Natural Vegetation of India 3Moist Tropical Forests 1Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests or Rain Forests 2Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests 3Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests 4Littoral and Swamp Forests 4Dry Tropical Forests 1Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests 1.1Casuarina plantation 2Tropical Dry Deciduous … Read more Forests – Natural Vegetation of India

Lucknow Pact (1916),Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Rowlatt Act

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Lucknow Pact (1916) Nationalists saw that their disunity was affecting their cause Two important developments at the Lucknow Session of Congress The two wings of the Congress were again united The Congress and the Muslim League sank their old differences and put up common political demands before the government. INC and ML passed the same … Read more Lucknow Pact (1916),Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Rowlatt Act

Water Pollution

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  Addition of certain substances to the water such as organic, inorganic, biological, radiological, heat, which degrades the quality of water so that it becomes unfit for use. Putrescibility is the process of decomposition of organic matter present in water by microorganisms using oxygen. Water having DO (dissolved oxygen)  content below 8.0 mg/L may be … Read more Water Pollution

Jharkhand’s Geography: Forests

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    Jharkhand with a geographical area of 79,714 km2 constitutes 2.42% of the country’s area. The total recorded forest area of the state is 23,605 km2 which is 29.61% of the geographical area of the state. Of the total recorded forest area, Reserved Forests constitute 18.58%, Protected Forests 81.28%, and Unclassed Forests 0.14%. As per State … Read more Jharkhand’s Geography: Forests

JPSC Prelims notes for Science and Technology

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Science & TechnologyFor Notes Click on the topics Physical Science (I)System of Units: MKS, CGS and SI (II)Definition of speed,velocity, gravity, mass, weight, force, impact, work,power and energy. (III)Solar system, relative position of Earth with respect to Sun and other planets, movement of earth and moon in solar system, lunar and solareclipses (IV) Concept and nature of … Read more JPSC Prelims notes for Science and Technology

Niche

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  Niche:- a  description  of  all  the  biological,  physical  and  chemical  factors  that  a  species needs to survive, stay healthy and reproduce. No two species have exact identical niches. Niche plays an important role in conservation of organisms. Types of Niche Habitat niche – where it lives Food niche – what is eats or decomposes … Read more Niche

The thrust of the Scientific Policy Resolution

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The thrust of the Scientific Policy Resolution, 1958 was on capacity-building in advancement of science as the foundation for making a strong nation, which had just freed itself from the shackles of colonial domination . The focus of the Technology Policy Statement, 1983 was attainment of technological self-reliance and building of national strength by reducing … Read more The thrust of the Scientific Policy Resolution

Significant Provisions

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  Emergency Provisions in the Constitution of India The Emergency Provisions are mentioned from Article 352 to Article 360. ?      Article 352: Proclamation of Emergency – due to external intrusion or war the President of India can declare a state of emergency through a Proclamation. This Article suggests that such a Proclamation can be revoked or a … Read more Significant Provisions

12 Finance Commission of India

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  The Twelfth Finance Commission  was appointed under the chairmanship of C. Rangarajan on November 1, 2002 to make recommendations regarding the distribution between the Union and the States of net proceeds of shareable taxes, the principles which should govern the grants- in-aid of the revenues of States from the Consolidated Fund of India and … Read more 12 Finance Commission of India

ANCIENT KINGDOM

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  Rajrishitulyakul Rajrishitulyakul dynasty ruled over the south Kaushal. They ruled from 5th to 6th century AD. From the bronze inscription it is known that they followed Guptsamvata. This shows that accepted the supremacy of the Gupta Dynasty. There are six known rulers of the Rajrishikulya Dynasty. They are all follows: Sur Dayit I Vibhishan … Read more ANCIENT KINGDOM

Orogenic or the mountain-forming movements

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  Orogenic or the mountain-forming movements act tangentially to the earth surface, as in plate tectonics. Tensions produces fissures (since this type of force acts away from a point in two directions) and compression produces folds (because this type of force acts towards a point from two or more directions). In the landforms so produced, … Read more Orogenic or the mountain-forming movements

SURDS

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Surds A surd is a square root which cannot be reduced to a rational number. For example,  is not a surd. However  is a surd. If you use a calculator, you will see that  and we will need to round the answer correct to a few decimal places. This makes it less accurate. If it is left as , then the … Read more SURDS

Concept of Agro-forestry, Waste lands and means to reclaim them

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Agroforestry: Agroforestry is a land-use system in which trees/shrubs are grown in association with agricultural crops, pastures or livestock. This integration of trees and shrubs in the land-use system can be either a spatial arrangement, e.g. trees growing in a field at the same time as the crop, or in a time sequence, e.g. shrubs … Read more Concept of Agro-forestry, Waste lands and means to reclaim them

Powers and functions of President

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The Union executive consists of the President, the Prime minister and the Council of ministers. Powers and functions of The President of India The President is the head of the Indian State. He is the first citizen of India and acts as the symbol of unity, integrity and solidarity of the nation. Article 52 of … Read more Powers and functions of President

 Global warming

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An increase in the average temperature of Earth’s near surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century 4th assessment report of IPCC: global temperature increased 74+0.18 degree C during the 20th century. Caused by greenhouse gases Water vapour, Co2, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Ozone, CFCs (in order of abundance) Since the industrial revolution, the burning of fossil fuels has increased the … Read more  Global warming

BUDGETING

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Budgeting Budgeting is the process of estimating the availability of resources and then allocating them to various activities of an organization according to a pre-determined priority. In most cases, approval of a budget also means the approval to various spending units to utilize the allocated resources. Budgeting plays a criucial role in the socio-economic development … Read more BUDGETING

Tourist Attraction Of Jharkhand

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  Usri Falls Amidst in the range of the famous Parasnath Hills ,the Usri River gushes down from a steep gorge , some 40 feet high in three separate streams .Located about 14 km away from east of Giridih Town .It is a favourite picnic spot. Palamu Tiger Reserve is very rich in biodiversity and … Read more Tourist Attraction Of Jharkhand

Agro-climatic Regions

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    Variable Climatic condition throughout the state has led to the development of different agricultural practices. Scientists have divided the state into following agro-climatic regions:- Western Agricultural Region:- It covers the sandy arid plains with low rainfall and thus about 70% of the net cropped area is under Kharif crops of bajra and pulses. … Read more Agro-climatic Regions

FRACTIONS

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Fractions Any unit can be divided into any numbers of equal parts, one or more of this parts is called fraction of that unit. e.g. one-forth (1/4), one-third (1/3), three-seventh (3/7) etc. The lower part indicates the number of equal parts into which the unit is divided, is called denominator. The upper part, which indicates the number of … Read more FRACTIONS

FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT- DIRECTION (Communication,Supervision,Motivation,Leadership)

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        Directing is concerned with instructing, guiding, supervising and inspiring people in the organisation to achieve its objectives. It is the process of telling people what to do and seeing that they do it in the best possiblemanner.   Elements in Directing: The four essential elements in Directing are :   Communication … Read more FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT- DIRECTION (Communication,Supervision,Motivation,Leadership)

Parliament’s control over Executive;

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Parliament is the supreme law making body of the nation.The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha is empowered to pass a vote of censure against the ministry. Whenever such a motion is passed, the ministry has to resign. There are several means of Parliament’s control over Executive such … Read more Parliament’s control over Executive;

General Studies- Paper 1 (Coaching Class Notes in Hindi)

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As I was a student of English medium, It was very difficult for me to identify good quality, free and non copyrighted study material for general studies. A very thanks to Facebook group admin Rajesh kumar for sharing the material with such generosity. I know the writting is not soo good , i would definately try to get my friends notes scanned who secured a decent rank in 2014 . It may take some time till then please   I am sharing the following links for various subjects such as:-

GEOGRAPHY TOPICS

Geography handwritten notes- ????? ????????? ?????

topic covered are:-

1-World physical geography-

  • Geo morphology(in both 1st and 2nd part)
  • Climatology(In second part)
  • Oceanography (in second part)

2-Agriculture-

Read moreGeneral Studies- Paper 1 (Coaching Class Notes in Hindi)

India’s Missile program

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    Introduction India’s missile programme took a shot from space programme, beginning 1967. In 1972, Rohini- a 560 two-stage, solid propulsion sounding rocket was developed and test fired India first launched its small 17-tonne SLV-3 space booster in 1979 India successfully injected the 35 kg Rohini I satellite into near-earth orbit in 1980. In … Read more India’s Missile program

ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION

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  defined as ‘an addition or excessive addition of certain materials to the physical environment (water, air and lands), making it less fit or unfit for life’. Pollutants are the materials or factors, which cause adverse effect on the natural quality of any component of the environment. Classifications According to the form in which they … Read more ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION

National Parks and Sanctuaries in Rajasthan

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  S.No Name of National Parks/ Wild Life Sanctuary District Area(Sq.km.) National Parks 1 Keoladeo National Park Bharatpur 28.73 2 Ranthambore National Park Sawai Madhopur 392.50 Sub Total 421.23 Sanctuaries 1 Bandh Baratha WL Sanctuary Bharatpur 199.50 2 Bassi WL Sanctuary Chittorgarh 138.69 3 Bhensrodgarh WL Sanctuary Chittorgarh 229.14 4 Darrah Game Sanctuary Kota, Jhalawar … Read more National Parks and Sanctuaries in Rajasthan

Miscellaneous Facts:

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Miscellaneous Facts:   India’s GDP per Capita 622 (US $ PPP). It is 684 US $ for Pakistan.   The top 3 countries with external debt are Brazil (235 billion $), China (193 billion $) & Russia (175 billion $). India is 9th with 112 billion $.   Functional employment occurs when people change from … Read more Miscellaneous Facts:

RAS(RPSC)/RTS Pre Examination 2012 Solved Question Paper

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RAS(RPSC)/RTS Pre Examination 2012 Solved Question Paper for General Knowledge(GK) and General Science(GS) conducted on 14th June 2012 by Rajasthan Public Service Commission(RPSC), Ajmer. Here is RAS(RPSC) Pre 2012 GK, GS Paper 1 Solutions, Full Question Paper, Answer Key of RAS(RPSC) Pre Examination 2012. For Results, Cut-Off Marks, Subject Papers. The Answer Key for PAPER-2 Optional Subject are … Read more RAS(RPSC)/RTS Pre Examination 2012 Solved Question Paper

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

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  Fresh water ecosystems- The salt content of fresh bodies is very low, always less than 5 ppt  (parts per thousand). E.g lakes, ponds, pools, springs, streams, and rivers Marine ecosystems – the water bodies containing salt concentration equal to or above that of sea water (i.e., 35 ppt or above). E.g shallow seas and … Read more AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

Congress Sessions

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  1885 W.C. Bannerjee Bombay   1886 Dadabhai Naroji Calcutta   1887 Badruddin Tyabji Madras   1888 George Yule Allahabad   1889 William Weederburn Bombay   1905 G.K. Gokhale Banaras – Issues like welcoming the prince of wales led to feud   1906 Dadabhai Naoroji Calcutta – Approval of issues of swadesi & national education. … Read more Congress Sessions

Monetary Policies

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Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency. Objectives of Monetary Policies are:-  Accelerated growth of the economy Balancing saving and investments Exchange rate stabilization Price stability Employment … Read more Monetary Policies

Current Geopolitical Conflict Zones

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Geopolitical Conflict is the Military engagements and diplomatic crises between nations with global implications and which even threatens in extreme circumstance to the survival of humanity.Various types of Geopolitical Conflicts are as follows:- Ø  Conventional War:-The engagement of two or more nations in military conflict, using conventional weapons to target military infrastructure and invade/defend sovereignty … Read more Current Geopolitical Conflict Zones

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWN AND PROBLEM OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT

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FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWN AND PROBLEM OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT The definition of function varies across the disciplines. In political science it refers to duties, in mathematics it means the relationship between two variables and in geography it is synonymous to occupation. Geographers have classified towns on the basis of their site, situation, size, rank, location … Read more FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWN AND PROBLEM OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT

Globalization of Indian economy ; its positive and negative impacts on different sectors, issues of FDI and FII in India.

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Globalization essentially means integration of the national economy with the world economy. It implies a free flow of information, ideas, technology, goods and services, capital and even people across different countries and societies. It increases connectivity between different markets in the form of trade, investments and cultural exchanges. The concept of globalization has been explained … Read more Globalization of Indian economy ; its positive and negative impacts on different sectors, issues of FDI and FII in India.

NATURAL RESOURCES OF INDIA

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  What are natural resources ? Natural resources are useful raw materials that we get from the Earth. They occur naturally, which means that humans cannot make natural resources. Instead, we use and modify natural resources in ways that are beneficial to us. The materials used in human-made objects are natural resources. Some examples of natural … Read more NATURAL RESOURCES OF INDIA

Union and State Executive for ras rts exam

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Governor Same person can be appointed the governor of two or more states Appointed by the President May resign by writing to the President Qualification Citizen of India 35 years of age Art 161: Pardon for any offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the state extends Constitution … Read more Union and State Executive for ras rts exam

RAS(RTS) Exam Mains Notes for paper 1 General Studies

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  History, Art, Culture, Literature, Tradition & Heritage of Rajasthan. Click here for old questions  Major Landmarks in the History of Rajasthan, Major Dynasties, their Administrative and Revenue System. Socio-cultural Issues.  Freedom Movement , Political Awakening and Integration Salient features of Architecture – Forts and Monuments Arts, Paintings and Handicrafts. Important Works of Rajasthani literature. … Read more RAS(RTS) Exam Mains Notes for paper 1 General Studies

Law making process

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Parliament is a supreme law making body of the nation. Any proposed law is introduced in the Parliament as a bill. After being passed by the Parliament and getting the President’s assent it becomes a law. There are two kinds of bills:-(i) ordinary bill and (ii) money bill. Every member of the Parliament has a … Read more Law making process

Centre-State fiscal relationship,role of Finance Commission; Financial aspects of 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments.

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Under the Constitution the financial resources of the State are very limited though they have to do many works of social uplift under directive principles. In order to cope with their ever-expanding needs, the Central Government makes grants-in-aid to the States. Grant- in-aid to States , through it Central Government exercises a strict control over … Read more Centre-State fiscal relationship,role of Finance Commission; Financial aspects of 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments.