JPSC Mains 2024 Notes
Get topicwise printed notes for JPSC Mains Exam 2024 developed by experienced faculty of PSCNOTES.One Point Solution for JPSC Preparation
Each landform has its unique physical shape, size, materials and is a result of the action of certain geomorphic processes and agent(s). Every landform has a beginning. Landforms once formed may change in their shape, size and nature slowly or fast due to continued action of geomorphic processes and agents. Due to changes in … Read more Landform
Since the grant of diwani for Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1765, the major concern of the East India Company’s administration in India was to collect as much revenue as possible. Agriculture was the main basis of economy and the main source of income and hence, although the nawabi administration was retained with Muhammad … Read more Land Revenue System under British Rule
Under the plan of 3 June, more than 562 princely states were given the option of joining either India or Pakistan, or choosing independence. Indian nationalists and large segments of the public feared that if these states did not accede, most of the people and territory would be fragmented. The Congress as well as … Read more Integration of Princely States
Introduction India’s missile programme took a shot from space programme, beginning 1967. In 1972, Rohini- a 560 two-stage, solid propulsion sounding rocket was developed and test fired India first launched its small 17-tonne SLV-3 space booster in 1979 India successfully injected the 35 kg Rohini I satellite into near-earth orbit in 1980. In … Read more India’s Missile program
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWN AND PROBLEM OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT The definition of function varies across the disciplines. In political science it refers to duties, in mathematics it means the relationship between two variables and in geography it is synonymous to occupation. Geographers have classified towns on the basis of their site, situation, size, rank, location … Read more FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWN AND PROBLEM OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
Formation of Linguistic States:– India is a land of many languages, each with its distinct script, grammar, vocabulary and literary tradition. In 1917, the Congress Party had committed itself to the creation of linguistic provinces in a Free India. After Congress’s Nagpur Session in 1920, the principle was extended and formalized with the creation of … Read more Formation of Linguistic States:–
Forests – Natural Vegetation of India Table of Contents 1Forests – Natural Vegetation of India 2Classification of Natural Vegetation of India 3Moist Tropical Forests 1Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests or Rain Forests 2Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests 3Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests 4Littoral and Swamp Forests 4Dry Tropical Forests 1Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests 1.1Casuarina plantation 2Tropical Dry Deciduous … Read more Forests – Natural Vegetation of India
Sources of Energy: Conventional and Nonconventional Sources – Energy is one of the most important component of economic infrastructure. It is the basic input required to sustain economic growth. There is direct relation between the level of economic development and per capita energy consumption. Simply speaking more developed a country, higher is the per capita … Read more Sources of Energy
Development of Hindi and Urdu Language Hindi and Urdu are two Hindustani Languages; spoken mostly in the northern and Central India and in Pakistan. Hindi and Urdu are two different languages but these languages have many common things.Both Hindi and Urdu are developed in a similar phase and adopted many changes. We … Read more Development of Hindi and Urdu Language
Conventional and Non Conventional Sources of Energy Main Sources of Energy: The sources of energy are of following types: Conventional Sources of Energy: These sources of energy are also called non renewable sources. These sources of energy are in limited quantity except hydro-electric power. (a) Coal and Lignite: Coal is the major source of energy. Coal … Read more Conventional and Non Conventional Sources of Energy
Climatic Regions of India : Koeppen’s Classification Climate Type Climatic Region Annual Rainfall in the Region Amw (Monsoon type with shorter dry winter season) Western coastal region, south of Mumbai over 300 cm As (Monsoon type with dry season in high sun period) Coromandel coast = Coastal Tamil Nadu and adjoining areas of Andhra Pradesh 75 … Read more Climatic Regions of India
What is a Biosphere Reserve? A Biosphere Reserve is a special ecosystem or a specialized environment with a flora and fauna that require protection and nurturing. These reserves are managed and studied for the conservation of various life forms found here. They are subjects of scientific and natural interest. According to UNESCO, “Biosphere reserves … Read more Biosphere reserves
Rajrishitulyakul Rajrishitulyakul dynasty ruled over the south Kaushal. They ruled from 5th to 6th century AD. From the bronze inscription it is known that they followed Guptsamvata. This shows that accepted the supremacy of the Gupta Dynasty. There are six known rulers of the Rajrishikulya Dynasty. They are all follows: Sur Dayit I Vibhishan … Read more ANCIENT KINGDOM
Rural-Urban Composition: For the first time since Independence, the absolute increase in population is more in urban areas that in rural areas Rural Population in India: 68.84% Urban Population in India:31.16% Level of urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to 31.16% in 2011 Census The proportion of rural population declined from 72.19% to 68.84% … Read more Age structure, sex ratio and Rural-Urban composition of India
Historical context The emergence of agricultural Price Policy in India was in the backdrop of food scarcity and price fluctuations provoked by drought, floods and international prices for exports and imports. This policy in general was directed towards ensuring reasonable food prices for consumers by providing food grains through Public Distribution System (PDS) and … Read more ADMINISTERED PRICES INCLUDING MSP AND PROCUREMENT PRICES
Introduction Indian national movement: One of the biggest. Inspired many others. Gandhian Political Strategy very important. Elements of Gandhian Strategy can be seen in the Solidarity Movement in Poland by Lech Walesa WHY IS THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT UNIQUE In the Indian national movement, the Gramscian perspective of war of position was successfully practiced. … Read more Synopsis of NCERTS
Army Army fulfilled four important functions: Instrument to conquer Indian powers Defended the British Empire in India against foreign rivals Safe-guarded against interinal revolt Chief instrument for extending and defending the British Empire in Asia and Africa. Bulk of the army consisted of Indians. In 1857, of the total strength of 311400, about 265900 were … Read more Administrative Organization of the British
Raja Rammohan Roy: RRM Roy was a social reformer and intellectual in the early nineteenth century Bengal. He is most widely known for founding the Brahmo Samaj and his relentless campaign against the practice of Sati and child marriage. Debendranath Tagore: Brahmo Samaj: BS was founded in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy with … Read more Social and Cultural Awakening
Bahadur Shah 1 (1707-12) Muzam succeeded Aurungzeb after latter’s death in 1707 He acquired the title of Bahadur Shah. Though he was quite old (65) and his rule quite short there are many significant achievements he made He reversed the narrow minded and antagonistic policies of Aurungzeb Made agreements with Rajput states Granted sardeshmukhi to … Read more India in the Eighteenth Century
The Govt. of India Act Gave assurance that there would be no more territorial possessions. Titles were 1858 bestowed on many princes & the right of adoption was accepted. No interference in religious matters. The Indian Council Provided that there was no difference between the central & provincial Act 1861 subjects. … Read more Important Acts
1.The Marathas were Scindia (Gwalior), Holkar (Indore), Gaekwar (Baroda), Bhonsle (Nagpur). 2.Sawai Jai Singh of Amer (Jaipur) had Euclid’s ‘Elements of Geometry) & several works on Trigonometry were translated into Sanskrit. Banda Bairagi was baptised as Banda Singh Bahadur by Guru Gobind Singh. 3.Alfonso d’ Albuquerque came to India as the Portuguese … Read more Miscellaneous Facts:
I wish for a peaceful term of India. I cannot forget that in the sky of India , Lord Canning serene as it is, a small cloud may arise ………..threaten to burst & overwhelm. ‘a battle of blacks against the whites’ (on 1857 revolt) J.W. Kaye The war which began for … Read more FAMOUS SAYING
Nasik Conspiracy Case Anant Kanhare & Ganesh Savarkar short dead collector Jackson of Nasik with the revolver sent by V.D. Savarkar Muzaffarpur Shooting 1908. Khudi Ram & Prafulla Chaki tried to bomb Kingsford, the District Judge of Muzaffarpur but instead his wife & daughter died. Khudiram a minor was hanged & Prafulla Chaki shot … Read more Conspiracy Cases/ Revolutionary Act
1885 W.C. Bannerjee Bombay 1886 Dadabhai Naroji Calcutta 1887 Badruddin Tyabji Madras 1888 George Yule Allahabad 1889 William Weederburn Bombay 1905 G.K. Gokhale Banaras – Issues like welcoming the prince of wales led to feud 1906 Dadabhai Naoroji Calcutta – Approval of issues of swadesi & national education. … Read more Congress Sessions
Wahabi Shah Abdul Aziz & Saiyed Ahmad Raebarelvi. Objective was to reform the Muslim Movement society& convert ‘Dur-ul-Harb’ (Non-Islamic community) into ‘Dar-ul-Islam’. Origianlly the movement was started in Arabia by Muhammad Ibn-Aba-e-Wahid. Its main centre was Patna, Sittana (NW province). Kuka Bhai Ram Singh (Disciple of Bhai Balak Singh). It is also called … Read more Major Armed Uprising
Rajaram Mohun Laid stress on the study of English & established the Hindu College in Calcutta Roy alongwith David Hare. Maharishi The grandfather of Rabindranath Tagore. He inspired a number of thinkers like Devendranath Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar & Akshay Kumar Datta who became Brahmo Samaj Tagore members. … Read more Social Reformers & Their Work AND Freedom fighters
Aligarh Movement Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan Deoband Represented by Mohammad Qasim Nanautavi & Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. Movement Nanautavi founded the ‘Dar-ul-Ullema’ madrasa at Deoband. This movement was strictly based on Islamic tradition unlike liberal Aligarh movement. The also promulgated a fatwa against Sayyid Ahmad’s associations. In 1919, Mufti Liyaqat Ullah Sahib founded … Read more Movements/Organizations
Atmiya Sabha (1815) Raja Rammohun Roy Brahmo Samaj (1828) Raja Rammohun Roy. Tattvabodhini Sabha (1839). Later merged with Mahrishi Devendranath Tagore. Brahmo Samaj in 1842 Indian national Social Conference M.G. Ranade Harijan Sevak Sangh Mahatma Gandhi Satya Shodhak Samaj (1873) Jyotirao Phule (fight caste oppression) Shri … Read more Socio-Religious Reformers & their Organizations
Ghulamgiri (challenged superiority of Brahmins) Jyotiba Phule Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (Gift to Monotheists in Persian) Raja Rammohun Roy Dharma Tritiya Ratna, Ishvara & Life of Shivaji Jyotiba Phule New Lamp for the Old (Series of Articles criticizing Congress) Aurobindo Ghosh Doctrine of Passive Resistance (Articles in Bande Mataram) Aurobindo … Read more Books/Articles & Authors (Modern)
Zamindari System (19%) Bengal, Bihar, Banaras, division of NW provinces & northern Carinatic. 90 % of the revenue went to government & 10 % to Zamindar (British) Mahalwari System (30%) Major parts of NW provinces, Central provinces & Punjab. Responsibility of paying … Read more Land Settlements
Treaty of Pondicherry After the II Carinatic war. Muhammad Ali, son of late Anwar-ud-din was accepted as the Nawab of Carinatic. Treaty of Mangalore Signed between Tipu & British in 1784. Under this Tipu withdrew his army 1784 from Carinatic & English withdrew … Read more Important Treaties
1744-48 First Anglo-French Carinatic war. Madras returned to British by the treaty of Aix-la- Chappalle. In battle of St. Thome, a small French Army defeated Nawab Anwar-ud- din’s large one. 1748-54 Second Anglo French Carinatic war. The French sided with Muzaffar Jang (grandson of Asaf Jah) & Chanda Sahib (in Carinatic) while … Read more Important Battles
1713-20 Balaji Vishwanath Shahu appointed him as the Peshwa. 1720-40 Baji Rao I Baji Rao I succeded who was the most charismatic leader in Maratha history after Shivaji.He conquered Malwa, Bundelkhand & even … Read more The Peshwas
Bihar After Saadat Khan, *Safdarjung* became the king who was an impartial ruler & carried out many reforms & was made the wazir of mughal empire. Shuja-ud-Daula succeded him to throne. He was also made the wazir of mughal … Read more Other Contemporary States
1707-12 Bahadur Shah I 1712-13 Jahandar Shah 1713-19 Farukk Siyar 1719-48 Muhammad Shah Rangila 1748-54 Ahmad Shah 1754-59 Alamgir II 1759-1806 Shah Alam II 1806-1837 Akbar Shah II 1837-57 Bahadur Shah II Later Mughal Rulers Bahadur Shah I After the death of Aurangzeb, prince Muazzam, Azam & Kam Bakhsh fought in … Read more Modern Period – Later Mughals
Varina Vyavastha or Varina System Vedas prescribe that all human beings should leave ignorance, get educated, select a profession for himself based on his “tatva” (basic traits) and education, take a vow to follow such a profession, and follow such a profession. Vedas classifies all profession into three viz. “Knowledge based”, … Read more Ancient Indian Cultural System & Ideals
North India Ghadvalas Chandradeva*. Jaichandra fought Muhammad Ghur Chandellas of Jejakabhukti/Bundelkhand *Vidyadhara* & Yashovarman Paramaras of Malwa Vakpati Munjal & *Bhoja* Chahamanas/Chauhans of Sakambhari Vigraharaja IV Visaladeva, *Prithviraj III* (Chauhan) Kalachuris of Tripuri Kokalla, Gangeyadeva & *Karina* … Read more Medieval India
Decision making is an essential part of planning. Decision making and problem solving are used in all management functions, although usually they are considered a part of the planning phase. A discussion of the origins of management science leads into one on modeling, the five-step process of management science, and the process of engineering … Read more Decision-Making: concept, process and techniques
Marketing Management is a social and managerial process by which individuals or firms obtain what they need or want through creating, offering, exchanging products of value with each others. CORE CONCEPTS OF MARKETING NEED/ WANT/ DEMAND: Need: It is state of deprivation of some basic satisfaction. Want: Desire for specific … Read more MARKETING MANAGEMENT
Marketing involves a number of activities. To begin with, an organisation may decide on its target group of customers to be served. Once the target group is decided, the product is to be placed in the market by providing the appropriate product, price, distribution and promotional efforts. These are to be combined or mixed … Read more MARKETING MIX
Concept: Wealth maximization is the concept of increasing the value of a business in order to increase the value of the shares held by stockholders. The concept requires a company’s management team to continually search for the highest possible returns on funds invested in the business, while mitigating any associated … Read more WEALTH MAXIMIZATION
Sources of finance are the most explored area especially for the entrepreneurs about to start a new business. It is perhaps the toughest part of all the efforts. There are various sources of finance classified based on time period, ownership and control, and source of generation of finance. The process of selecting right … Read more SOURCE OF FINANCE
The financial requirement of a firm can be met through ownership capital and/or borrowed capital. The ownership capital refers to the amount of capital contributed by the owners. In case of a company, it refers to the amount of funds raised by issuing shares. The main characteristic of the ownership capital is that its … Read more CAPITAL STRUCTURE
Performance appraisal is a vital tool to measure the frameworks set by any organization to its employees. It is utilized to track individual contribution and performance against organizational goals and to identify individual strengths and opportunities for future improvements and assessed whether organizational goals are achievedor serves as basis for the company’s future planning … Read more Appraisal System
COORDINATION “The Harmonization of activities of different work groups and departments.” Coordination is the orderly arrangement of individual and group efforts to provide unity of action in the pursuit of a common goal. All these departments must function in an integrated manner so that the organisational goal can be duly … Read more FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT : COORDINATION AND CONTROL
Directing is concerned with instructing, guiding, supervising and inspiring people in the organisation to achieve its objectives. It is the process of telling people what to do and seeing that they do it in the best possiblemanner. Elements in Directing: The four essential elements in Directing are : Communication … Read more FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT- DIRECTION (Communication,Supervision,Motivation,Leadership)
Staffing refers to the managerial function of employing and developing human resources for carrying out the various managerial and non-managerial activities in an organisation. This involves determining the manpower requirement, and the methods of recruiting, selecting, training and developing the people for various positions created in the organisation. Staffing function is an integral … Read more FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT – STAFFING
Organizing is the process of identification and grouping of activities, assigning duties and delegating authority to the managers, allocating necessary resources and establishing coordination among individuals and department of an organization with a view to attain its objectives. PROCESS OF ORGANIZING : The process of organising consists of the following steps … Read more FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT – ORGANIZING
Functions of Management:- Planning Organizing Staffing Direction Coordination and control Decision making OUTPUT Attainment goals effectively & efficiently INPUTS/RESOURCES Human Finance CONTROLLING Measuring performance with standards & taking corrective actions PLANNING Setting of objects & selecting ways ORGANIZING Establishing relationships, Delagting authority & assign tasks DIRECTING Leading & motivating employees … Read more FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
Management is a process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, accomplish selected aims. In other words,”It is the accomplishment of Goals through others.” Management has been used in different senses. Sometimes it refers to the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating and controlling at other times … Read more MANAGEMENT