JPSC JPCS PCS Pre Exam Date

Orogenic or the mountain-forming movements

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  Orogenic or the mountain-forming movements act tangentially to the earth surface, as in plate tectonics. Tensions produces fissures (since this type of force acts away from a point in two directions) and compression produces folds (because this type of force acts towards a point from two or more directions). In the landforms so produced, … Read more Orogenic or the mountain-forming movements

SURDS

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Surds A surd is a square root which cannot be reduced to a rational number. For example,  is not a surd. However  is a surd. If you use a calculator, you will see that  and we will need to round the answer correct to a few decimal places. This makes it less accurate. If it is left as , then the … Read more SURDS

Concept of Agro-forestry, Waste lands and means to reclaim them

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Agroforestry: Agroforestry is a land-use system in which trees/shrubs are grown in association with agricultural crops, pastures or livestock. This integration of trees and shrubs in the land-use system can be either a spatial arrangement, e.g. trees growing in a field at the same time as the crop, or in a time sequence, e.g. shrubs … Read more Concept of Agro-forestry, Waste lands and means to reclaim them

Powers and functions of President

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The Union executive consists of the President, the Prime minister and the Council of ministers. Powers and functions of The President of India The President is the head of the Indian State. He is the first citizen of India and acts as the symbol of unity, integrity and solidarity of the nation. Article 52 of … Read more Powers and functions of President

 Global warming

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An increase in the average temperature of Earth’s near surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century 4th assessment report of IPCC: global temperature increased 74+0.18 degree C during the 20th century. Caused by greenhouse gases Water vapour, Co2, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Ozone, CFCs (in order of abundance) Since the industrial revolution, the burning of fossil fuels has increased the … Read more  Global warming

BUDGETING

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Budgeting Budgeting is the process of estimating the availability of resources and then allocating them to various activities of an organization according to a pre-determined priority. In most cases, approval of a budget also means the approval to various spending units to utilize the allocated resources. Budgeting plays a criucial role in the socio-economic development … Read more BUDGETING

Tourist Attraction Of Jharkhand

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  Usri Falls Amidst in the range of the famous Parasnath Hills ,the Usri River gushes down from a steep gorge , some 40 feet high in three separate streams .Located about 14 km away from east of Giridih Town .It is a favourite picnic spot. Palamu Tiger Reserve is very rich in biodiversity and … Read more Tourist Attraction Of Jharkhand

Agro-climatic Regions

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    Variable Climatic condition throughout the state has led to the development of different agricultural practices. Scientists have divided the state into following agro-climatic regions:- Western Agricultural Region:- It covers the sandy arid plains with low rainfall and thus about 70% of the net cropped area is under Kharif crops of bajra and pulses. … Read more Agro-climatic Regions

FRACTIONS

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Fractions Any unit can be divided into any numbers of equal parts, one or more of this parts is called fraction of that unit. e.g. one-forth (1/4), one-third (1/3), three-seventh (3/7) etc. The lower part indicates the number of equal parts into which the unit is divided, is called denominator. The upper part, which indicates the number of … Read more FRACTIONS

FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT- DIRECTION (Communication,Supervision,Motivation,Leadership)

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        Directing is concerned with instructing, guiding, supervising and inspiring people in the organisation to achieve its objectives. It is the process of telling people what to do and seeing that they do it in the best possiblemanner.   Elements in Directing: The four essential elements in Directing are :   Communication … Read more FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT- DIRECTION (Communication,Supervision,Motivation,Leadership)

Parliament’s control over Executive;

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Parliament is the supreme law making body of the nation.The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha is empowered to pass a vote of censure against the ministry. Whenever such a motion is passed, the ministry has to resign. There are several means of Parliament’s control over Executive such … Read more Parliament’s control over Executive;

General Studies- Paper 1 (Coaching Class Notes in Hindi)

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As I was a student of English medium, It was very difficult for me to identify good quality, free and non copyrighted study material for general studies. A very thanks to Facebook group admin Rajesh kumar for sharing the material with such generosity. I know the writting is not soo good , i would definately try to get my friends notes scanned who secured a decent rank in 2014 . It may take some time till then please   I am sharing the following links for various subjects such as:-

GEOGRAPHY TOPICS

Geography handwritten notes- ????? ????????? ?????

topic covered are:-

1-World physical geography-

  • Geo morphology(in both 1st and 2nd part)
  • Climatology(In second part)
  • Oceanography (in second part)

2-Agriculture-

Read moreGeneral Studies- Paper 1 (Coaching Class Notes in Hindi)

India’s Missile program

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    Introduction India’s missile programme took a shot from space programme, beginning 1967. In 1972, Rohini- a 560 two-stage, solid propulsion sounding rocket was developed and test fired India first launched its small 17-tonne SLV-3 space booster in 1979 India successfully injected the 35 kg Rohini I satellite into near-earth orbit in 1980. In … Read more India’s Missile program

ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION

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  defined as ‘an addition or excessive addition of certain materials to the physical environment (water, air and lands), making it less fit or unfit for life’. Pollutants are the materials or factors, which cause adverse effect on the natural quality of any component of the environment. Classifications According to the form in which they … Read more ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION

National Parks and Sanctuaries in Rajasthan

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  S.No Name of National Parks/ Wild Life Sanctuary District Area(Sq.km.) National Parks 1 Keoladeo National Park Bharatpur 28.73 2 Ranthambore National Park Sawai Madhopur 392.50 Sub Total 421.23 Sanctuaries 1 Bandh Baratha WL Sanctuary Bharatpur 199.50 2 Bassi WL Sanctuary Chittorgarh 138.69 3 Bhensrodgarh WL Sanctuary Chittorgarh 229.14 4 Darrah Game Sanctuary Kota, Jhalawar … Read more National Parks and Sanctuaries in Rajasthan

Miscellaneous Facts:

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Miscellaneous Facts:   India’s GDP per Capita 622 (US $ PPP). It is 684 US $ for Pakistan.   The top 3 countries with external debt are Brazil (235 billion $), China (193 billion $) & Russia (175 billion $). India is 9th with 112 billion $.   Functional employment occurs when people change from … Read more Miscellaneous Facts:

RAS(RPSC)/RTS Pre Examination 2012 Solved Question Paper

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RAS(RPSC)/RTS Pre Examination 2012 Solved Question Paper for General Knowledge(GK) and General Science(GS) conducted on 14th June 2012 by Rajasthan Public Service Commission(RPSC), Ajmer. Here is RAS(RPSC) Pre 2012 GK, GS Paper 1 Solutions, Full Question Paper, Answer Key of RAS(RPSC) Pre Examination 2012. For Results, Cut-Off Marks, Subject Papers. The Answer Key for PAPER-2 Optional Subject are … Read more RAS(RPSC)/RTS Pre Examination 2012 Solved Question Paper

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

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  Fresh water ecosystems- The salt content of fresh bodies is very low, always less than 5 ppt  (parts per thousand). E.g lakes, ponds, pools, springs, streams, and rivers Marine ecosystems – the water bodies containing salt concentration equal to or above that of sea water (i.e., 35 ppt or above). E.g shallow seas and … Read more AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

Congress Sessions

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  1885 W.C. Bannerjee Bombay   1886 Dadabhai Naroji Calcutta   1887 Badruddin Tyabji Madras   1888 George Yule Allahabad   1889 William Weederburn Bombay   1905 G.K. Gokhale Banaras – Issues like welcoming the prince of wales led to feud   1906 Dadabhai Naoroji Calcutta – Approval of issues of swadesi & national education. … Read more Congress Sessions

Monetary Policies

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Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency. Objectives of Monetary Policies are:-  Accelerated growth of the economy Balancing saving and investments Exchange rate stabilization Price stability Employment … Read more Monetary Policies

Current Geopolitical Conflict Zones

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Geopolitical Conflict is the Military engagements and diplomatic crises between nations with global implications and which even threatens in extreme circumstance to the survival of humanity.Various types of Geopolitical Conflicts are as follows:- Ø  Conventional War:-The engagement of two or more nations in military conflict, using conventional weapons to target military infrastructure and invade/defend sovereignty … Read more Current Geopolitical Conflict Zones

Moderate phase:early nationalists,Freedom of Press and Bal Gangadhar Tilak

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Contribution of early nationalists Early nationalists believed that a direct struggle for the political emancipation of the country was not yet on the agenda of history. On agenda was: Creation of public interest in political questions and the organization of public opinion Popular demands had to be formulated on a country-wide basis National unity had … Read more Moderate phase:early nationalists,Freedom of Press and Bal Gangadhar Tilak

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWN AND PROBLEM OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT

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FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWN AND PROBLEM OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT The definition of function varies across the disciplines. In political science it refers to duties, in mathematics it means the relationship between two variables and in geography it is synonymous to occupation. Geographers have classified towns on the basis of their site, situation, size, rank, location … Read more FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWN AND PROBLEM OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT

Globalization of Indian economy ; its positive and negative impacts on different sectors, issues of FDI and FII in India.

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Globalization essentially means integration of the national economy with the world economy. It implies a free flow of information, ideas, technology, goods and services, capital and even people across different countries and societies. It increases connectivity between different markets in the form of trade, investments and cultural exchanges. The concept of globalization has been explained … Read more Globalization of Indian economy ; its positive and negative impacts on different sectors, issues of FDI and FII in India.

NATURAL RESOURCES OF INDIA

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  What are natural resources ? Natural resources are useful raw materials that we get from the Earth. They occur naturally, which means that humans cannot make natural resources. Instead, we use and modify natural resources in ways that are beneficial to us. The materials used in human-made objects are natural resources. Some examples of natural … Read more NATURAL RESOURCES OF INDIA

Union and State Executive for ras rts exam

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Governor Same person can be appointed the governor of two or more states Appointed by the President May resign by writing to the President Qualification Citizen of India 35 years of age Art 161: Pardon for any offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the state extends Constitution … Read more Union and State Executive for ras rts exam

RAS(RTS) Exam Mains Notes for paper 1 General Studies

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  History, Art, Culture, Literature, Tradition & Heritage of Rajasthan. Click here for old questions  Major Landmarks in the History of Rajasthan, Major Dynasties, their Administrative and Revenue System. Socio-cultural Issues.  Freedom Movement , Political Awakening and Integration Salient features of Architecture – Forts and Monuments Arts, Paintings and Handicrafts. Important Works of Rajasthani literature. … Read more RAS(RTS) Exam Mains Notes for paper 1 General Studies

Law making process

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Parliament is a supreme law making body of the nation. Any proposed law is introduced in the Parliament as a bill. After being passed by the Parliament and getting the President’s assent it becomes a law. There are two kinds of bills:-(i) ordinary bill and (ii) money bill. Every member of the Parliament has a … Read more Law making process

Centre-State fiscal relationship,role of Finance Commission; Financial aspects of 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments.

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Under the Constitution the financial resources of the State are very limited though they have to do many works of social uplift under directive principles. In order to cope with their ever-expanding needs, the Central Government makes grants-in-aid to the States. Grant- in-aid to States , through it Central Government exercises a strict control over … Read more Centre-State fiscal relationship,role of Finance Commission; Financial aspects of 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments.

Scarcity of water, methods of conservation-rain water harvesting and watershed management, ground water management

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  Scarcity of water   Water scarcity is possibly to pose the greatest challenge on account of its increased demand coupled with shrinking supplies due to over utilisation and pollution. Water is a cyclic resource with abundant supplies on the globe. Approximately, 71 per cent of the earth’s surface is covered with it but fresh … Read more Scarcity of water, methods of conservation-rain water harvesting and watershed management, ground water management

Gender Development Index (GDI)

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The GDI measures gender gaps in human development achievements by accounting for disparities between women and men in three basic dimensions of human development—health, knowledge and living standards using the same component indicators as in the HDI. The GDI is the ratio of the HDIs calculated separately for females and males using the same methodology … Read more Gender Development Index (GDI)

Newspapers/Magazines/Weeklies

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    Harijan Bandhu, Harijan Sevak   Mahatma Gandhi Samvad Kaumudi, Mirat-al-Akhbar   Raja Ram Mohun Roy Tattvabodhini Patrika   Maharishi Devendranath Tagore Indian Mirror   Maharishi Devendranath Tagore Banga Darshan   Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Maratha (English) & Kesari (Marathi) Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak The Punjabi, ‘The Pupil’ (English)   Lala Lajpat Rai New India … Read more Newspapers/Magazines/Weeklies

Earth’s Interior – Earthquake Waves – Shadow Zone

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  Most of the knowledge we have about Earth’s deep interior comes from the fact that seismic waves penetrate the Earth and are recorded on the other side.  Earthquake ray paths and arrival times are more complex than illustrated in the animations, because velocity in the Earth does not simply increase with depth. Velocities generally … Read more Earth’s Interior – Earthquake Waves – Shadow Zone

Financial inclusion

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Financial inclusion or inclusive financing is the delivery of financial services at affordable costs to sections of disadvantaged and low-income segments of society, in contrast to financial exclusion where those services are not available or affordable. Government of India has launched an innovative scheme of Jan Dhan Yojna for Financial Inclusion to provide the financial … Read more Financial inclusion

Basic structure of the Indian Constitution

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The basic structure doctrine is an Indian judicial principle that the Constitution of India has certain basic features that cannot be altered or destroyed through amendments by the parliament. Key among these “basic features”, are the fundamental rights granted to individuals by the constitution. The doctrine thus forms the basis of a limited power of the Indian … Read more Basic structure of the Indian Constitution

Types of Settlements : rural and urban

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  Settlement can be defined as any form of human habitation which ranges from a single dwelling to large city. The word settlement has another connotation as well as this is a process of opening up and settling of a previously uninhabited area by the people. In geography this process is also known as occupancy. … Read more Types of Settlements : rural and urban

Demographic dividend with special reference to census of 2011

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Demographic dividend occurs when the proportion of working people in the total population is high because this indicates that more people have the potential to be productive and contribute to growth of the economy.An increase in the working age ratio can raise the rate of economic growth, and hence confer a “demographic dividend.” People of … Read more Demographic dividend with special reference to census of 2011

Sustainable development : concept and indicators of sustainable development

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Mahatma Gandhi’s principle of “enoughness” in his saying “the earth provides enough to satisfy every persons need but not for every person’s greed” According to World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (1987) , Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to … Read more Sustainable development : concept and indicators of sustainable development

MANGROVES

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  Mangroves are the characteristic littoral plant formation of tropical and subtropical sheltered coastlines. are trees and bushes growing below the high water level of spring tides which exhibits remarkable capacity for salt water tolerance. basically evergreen land plants growing on sheltered shores, typically on tidal flats, deltas, estuaries, bays, creeks and the barrier islands. … Read more MANGROVES

Environment and Ecological Issues

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ECOLOGY   Ecology is  defined “as a scientific study of the relationship of the living organisms with each other and with their environment.” The classical texts of the Vedic period such as the Vedas, the Samhitas, the Brahmanas and the Aranyakas-Upanishads contain many references to ecological concepts .The Indian treatise on medicine, the Caraka- Samhita … Read more Environment and Ecological Issues

-SUBSIDIES- CASH RANSFER OF SUBSIDY ISSUE

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Subsidies- Cash Transfer of Subsidy Issue. A subsidy is a benefit given by the government to groups or individuals usually in the form of a cash payment or tax reduction. The subsidy is usually given to remove some type of burden and is often considered to be in the interest of the public. Direct Cash … Read more -SUBSIDIES- CASH RANSFER OF SUBSIDY ISSUE

The Traditional Administrative System of Jharkhand

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Adivasi/Indigenous peoples of Jharkhand (and in central India) traditionally have broadly three level of decision making process within the customary laws through a self-governing system, village level, cluster of village level and community level. Village Council: In Village level whole unit of village community are included whoever living in the village. This is the primary … Read more The Traditional Administrative System of Jharkhand

Role of Foreign Capital

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  Role of Foreign Capital and Multinational companies in Industrial development of India   The development of any society or country without economic development is a myth. Economic development brings prosperity which in turns is directly proportional to the amount of goods and services produced quantitatively or in broad sense we can say in money … Read more Role of Foreign Capital

Major Armed Uprising

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Wahabi Shah Abdul Aziz & Saiyed Ahmad Raebarelvi. Objective was to reform the Muslim Movement society& convert ‘Dur-ul-Harb’ (Non-Islamic community) into ‘Dar-ul-Islam’.   Origianlly the movement was started in Arabia by Muhammad Ibn-Aba-e-Wahid.   Its main centre was Patna, Sittana (NW province). Kuka Bhai Ram Singh (Disciple of Bhai Balak Singh). It is also called … Read more Major Armed Uprising

Plate tectonics

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  The uppermost outer solid and rigid layer of the earth is called crust. Its thickness varies considerably. It is as little as 5 km thick beneath the oceans at some places but under some mountain ranges it extends upto a depth of 700km. Below the crust denser rocks are found, known as mantle crust. … Read more Plate tectonics

World War I and Gadar movement

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World War I and Indian Nationalism Increasing number of Indians from Punjab were emigrating to North America. The British government thought that these emigrants would be affected by the idea of liberty. Hence, they tried to restrict emigration. Tarak Nath Das, an Indian student in Canada, started a paper called Free Hindustan. The Hindi Association … Read more World War I and Gadar movement

Important Acts

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The Govt. of India Act Gave assurance that there would be no more territorial possessions. Titles were 1858 bestowed  on  many  princes  &  the  right  of  adoption  was  accepted.  No         interference in religious matters. The Indian Council Provided  that  there  was  no  difference  between  the  central  &  provincial Act 1861 subjects. … Read more Important Acts

Magdhan

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    In the sixth country B.C. North India was divided into sixteen kingdoms out of which Avanti, Vatsa, Kosala and Magadha rose into prominence by aggrandizing upon other weaker states.These four states involved themselves in internecine quarrel in which Magadha emerged as the most powerful state and acquired mastery in the political domain of … Read more Magdhan

ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION 2

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E — WASTE E-waste is not hazardous if it is stocked in safe storage or recycled by scientific methods or transported from one place to the other in parts or in totality in the formal sector. The e-waste can be considered hazardous if recycled by primitive methods Survey was carried out by the Central Pollution … Read more ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION 2

TAX REFORMS IN INDIA

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Tax Reforms in India Sience 1990 ie the liberalization of Indian economy saw the beginning of Taxation reforms in the nation. The taxation system in the nation has been subjected to consistent and comprehensive reform. Following factors arise the need for tax reforms in India:- Tax resources must be maximized for increased social sector investment in … Read more TAX REFORMS IN INDIA