| Aligarh Movement | Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan |
| Deoband | Represented by Mohammad Qasim Nanautavi & Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. |
| Movement | Nanautavi founded the ‘Dar-ul-Ullema’ madrasa at Deoband. This movement was |
| strictly based on Islamic tradition unlike liberal Aligarh movement. The also | |
| promulgated a fatwa against Sayyid Ahmad’s associations. In 1919, Mufti Liyaqat | |
| Ullah Sahib founded the, ‘Jamaitul Ulema-i-Hind’ to further work in this | |
| direction. His role was prominent in the Khilafat movement. | |
| Muslim League | Nawab Wakar-ul-Mulk presided over a gathering at the invitation of Nawab Salim |
| Ullah of Dacca. Muslim league was the result. The constitution of the league was | |
| prepared in 1907 at Karachi. The first session of the league was held in 1908 at | |
| Amritsar. The same year Aga Khan became the president. The league supported | |
| partition of Bengal & was a loyalist organization. After 1913 Aga Khan left the | |
| league which led to the emergence of new leaders like Muhammad Ali, Shaukat | |
| Ali & M.A. Ansari. | |
| Home Rule League | Estd by Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. She was the president & |
| other members included Arundale, P.C. Ramaswamy Iyer, V.P. Wadia. | |
| Balgangadhar Tilak had estd another Home Rule League in April 1916 at Pune. | |
| Champaran | European planters forced the farmers to cultivate Indigo on atleast 3/20 |
| Satyagraha 1917 | (Tinkathiya) parts of their land. Rajendra Prasad, Mazhur-ul-Haq, J.B. Kriplani, |
| Mahadev Desai accompanied him. An enquiry was set up to alleviate miseries of | |
| which even Gandhi was a member. | |
| Kheda Satyagraha | Kheda peasants refused to pay revenue due to failure of crops. After Satyagraha |
| 1918 | the government issued instructions to collect revenue only from those who could |
| afford to pay. Indulal Yagnik & Vallabh Bhai Patel supported Gandhi. | |
| Ahmedabad Mill | Mahatma Gandhi considered 35 % increase in salary as just. He undertook a fast |
| Problem 1918 | unto death & the strike came to an end. Ambalal Sarabhai’s sister Anasuya Behn |
| was main lieutenant of Gandhi here. | |
| Rowlatt Act | In March 1919, the Britishers passed the Rowlatt Act according to which any |
| Indian could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. A nationwide satyagraha was | |
| organized which involved arrest of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr Satyapal, Dr. Saiffuddin | |
| Kitchlew & Arya Samaj leader Swami Shradhananda (shoot if you can rally). | |
| Jallianwala Bagh | Demanded to know the whereabouts of Satyapal and Kitchlew throught the |
| Massacre | reciting of the poem ‘Fariyad’ on the day of Baisakhi (13th April, 1919). Martial |
| law was proclaimed later at Lahore, Gujarat & Layal with curfew at Amritsar. An | |
| enquiry was setup under Hunter. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his title. | |
| Khilafat Movement | Sultan of Turkey was the Caliph. The allied powers were arrayed against Turkey. |
| Mulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saiffudin Kitchlew, Maulvi Abdulbari, | |
| Hakim Ajmal Khan & the Ali brothers were prominent leaders. British signed the | |
| Treaty of Tibers, partitioned Turkey & its Sultan was made a prisoner & sent to | |
| Constantinople. | |
| Non Cooperation | Approval at Congress session in 1920. Leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie |
| 1920-22 | Besant & Bipin Chandra Pal not in agreement & left the congress. Students took |
| their names off school. Kashi Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth, Jamia Milia Islamia | |
| were set up. No Congress leader contested for elections. Mass demonstrations | |
| before Duke of Connaught & Prince of wales. Tilak Swarajya Fund was | |
| established. Moplah rebellion was the ugly face. Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, UP | |
| incidence led to its recall. Congress leaders like Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das | |
| formed as separate group within the congress known as Swarajya Party with a | |
| purpose not to let the movement lapse. | |
| AITUC | Formed in 1920 with Lotvala’s help. M.N Roy, Muzzafarabad Ahmad, S. A |
| 1920 | Dange & Shaukat Osmani led the trade unionist movements. The Britishers |
| leveled the kanpur/Meerut conspiracy against them. | |
| Swaraj Party | Suspension of Non Cooperation movement disoriented the leadership. |
| Chittaranjan Das & Motilal Nehru were called ‘Pro-Changers’ & did not support | |
| the non cooperation movement. The other group was ‘no-changers’ & included C. | |
| Rajgopalachari, M.A. Ansari. In 1923 Das & Nehru formed the Swaraj Party at | |
| Allahabad with a view to take part in the 1923 Council elections. The swaraj party | |
| got clear majority in the Central legislature & Provincial legislatures except | |
| Bengal. After the passing away of Chittaranjan Das in 1925 the party weakened & | |
| further some of the leaders became corrupt. Therefore in the election of 1926 it | |
| suffered miserable defeat in all the provinces except Madras. | |
| Hindustan | Established in October 1924 in Kanpur by revolutionaries like Ramprasad Bismil, |
| Republic | Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad and Sachindranath Sanyal. The Kakori |
| Associaiton 1924 | Train Action was a notable act of terrorism by this group but trial prooved to be a |
| major setback.However, the group was reorganized under the leadership of | |
| Chandrashekhar Azad and with members like Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan | |
| Vohra and Sukhdev on 9 and 10 September 1928- and the group was now | |
| christened Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). Bhagat Singh, | |
| Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in March 1931. | |
| Communist Party | Was declared illegal in 1934. This ban continued till 1942 when there was an |
| of India 1925 | agreement that the communist will support British in the war effort & sabotage the |
| quit India movement. In a memorandum to the Cabinet Mission in 1946, they put | |
| forward a plan for the division of India into 17 sovereign states. | |
| Bardoli Satyagraha | In Bardoli district of Surat under Vallabh Bhai Patel. The government had raised |
| the tax rate by 30% despite famine. | |
| All India States | Formed in 1926 whose first session was held under the presidentship of the |
| People Conference | famous leader of Ellore, Diwan Bahadur M. Ramachandra Rai. |
| Simon | The purpose was the review the Act of 1919 after a gap of ten years. The 7 |
| Commission | member commission was labeled ‘White Men Commission’. Huge demonstration |
| under Govind Vallabh Pant at Lucknow & Lala Lajpat at Lahore. The report of | |
| Simon Commission was published in May 1930. It stated the constitutional | |
| experiment with Dyarchy was unsuccessful & in its place recommended the | |
| establishment of autonomous government. It recommended special powers to | |
| governor general & governors to look after the interest of minorities, | |
| strengthening the centre, increasing electorate base on communal basis, | |
| Indianization of defence forces, delink Burma from India & Sindh from Bombay. | |
| The Indians rejected the report as it gave no regard to Dominion Status. It became | |
| a basis for the Govt of India Act 1935. | |
| Nehru Report, | Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead challenged the Indians to produce a |
| 1928 | constitution that would be acceptable to all. A meeting held at Bombay set up a 8 |
| member committee headed by Motilal Nehru & others included Bose, Tej Bahadur | |
| Sapru, Sir Ali Imam, Shahib Qureshi, Sardar Mangal Singh, MS Anney & G.R | |
| Pradhan. The report was placed before Congress Session in Calcutta in 1928 | |
| where it was adopted unanimously. It recommended reservation for minorities | |
| instead of separate electorates. Jinnah & President of Central Sikh league, Sardar | |
| Kharak Singh rejected it. Later Jinnah convened an All India Conference of | |
| Muslims & drew up a list of 14 point. Jawahar & Bose were not happy with the | |
| dominion status. | |
| Dandi March | Reached Dandi after marching with 78 handpicked followers & formally launched |
| April 1930 | the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the Salt laws. Many muslims kept |
| themselves aloof but in the NWFP an organization of Khudai Khidmatgar | |
| (Servants of Gods – Red Shirts) under Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi) | |
| participated in full. | |
| I Round table | Held under the Chairmanship of Ramsay MacDonald. Failed to resolve any issues |
| Conference | as it was opposed by congress. |
| Nov 1930 | |
| Gandhi Irwin Pact | As per it Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement & |
| March 1931 | participate in the Second Round Table conference but most of the leaders did not |
| like this pact. | |
| II Round Table | At London. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India as no agreement could be reached. |
| Conference 1931 | In January 1932 the civil disobedience movement was resumed. |
| McDonald | The British PM Ramsay MacDonald made an announcement according to which |
| Communal Award | the depressed classes were considered as separate community. Mahatma Gandhi |
| 1932 | went on a fast unto death in Yeravada Jail. An agreement was reached with the |
| consent of Mahatma Gandhi & Ambedkar which came to be known as ‘Poona | |
| Act’. The British government also approved it. Accordingly 148 seats were | |
| reserved in different provincial legislatures in place of 71 as per communal award. | |
| III Round Table | The congress once more didn’t take part in it. None the less the British |
| Conference 1932 | Government issued a white paper which became basis for Govt of India Act 1935. |
| Individual Civil Disobedience was launched in 1933 | |
| Congress Socialist | founded in 1934 by Jai Praksh Narain & Acharya Narendra Deva within the |
| Party 1934 | Indian National Congress. Its members rejected what they saw as the Communist |
| Party of India’s loyalty to the USSR as well as the anti-rational mysticism of | |
| Mohandas Gandhi. Although a socialist, Jawaharlal Nehru did not join the CSP. | |
| After independence, the CSP broke away from Congress, under the influence of JP | |
| Narayan and Basawon Singh (Sinha), to form the Socialist Party of India. | |
| August Offer 1940 | Envisaged that after the war a representative body of Indians would be set up to |
| frame the new constitution. | |
| Individual | Started in October 1940. In it Vinoba Bhave, Jawahar Nehru & Brahma Dutt were |
| Satyagraha 1940 | the first 3 satyagrahis. |
| Cripps Mission | Viceroy Lord Linlithgow expanded is Executive council by taking five more |
| 1942 | Indians into it. The Indians were dissatisfied as it did not like the rights of the |
| princely states to join or stay out of the Indian constitution. The demand for Pak | |
| also not considered leading to Muslim league rejecting the plan. | |
| Quit India | The fear of an impending Japanese invasion Gandhi launched this campaign. In |
| Movement | the midst the government arrested all Indian leaders – Gandhi at Poona, others at |
| 1942-44 | Ahmadnagar fort. Rajendra Prasad was interned in Patna. The Congress Socialist |
| Party whith its leaders like Ram Manohar Lohia, Achyuta Patwardhan played | |
| important role. Communist Party remained loyal to the British. The Muslims by & | |
| large remained indifferent. | |
| INA | Captain Mohan Singh founded it in 1942. In 1943 he reached Singapore & gave a |
| the cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’. He was made the president of the Indian Independence | |
| League. The name of the brigades were Subhash, Gandhi, Nehru & Rani | |
| Lakshmibai. In Nov 1943, Japan handed over Andamans & Nicobar Islands to | |
| him. He named them Shaheed Island & Swaraj Island respectively. The army | |
| marched towards imphal after registering victory over Kohima. But later Japan | |
| accepted defeat & Subhas died in a plain crash after crossing Formosa Island. | |
| C.R. Formula 1944 | To resolve the constitutional impasse Rajagopalachari evolved a formula in March |
| 1944. But it was rejected by Jinnah who would not settle without Pakistan. | |
| Wavell Plan & | The main provisions were akin to Cripps mission proposals. It essentially dealt |
| Shimla Conference | with the Indian demand of self-rule & reconstitution of viceroy’s executive |
| 1945 | council giving a balanced representation to the major communities. Executive |
| council was an interim arrangement in which all but the Viceory & the | |
| Commander in Chief were to be Indians & all portfolios except defence were to be | |
| held by Indian members. Conference broke down because of Jinnah’s insistence | |
| that Muslim league alone represented Indian Muslims & hence no non league | |
| muslim members could be nominated to viceroy’s council. | |
| Cabinet Mission | Pathick Lawrence (secretary of state for India), Stafford Cripps & A.B. Alexander. |
| 1946 | Jinnah stuck his demand for Pakistan. It proposed the formation of Union of India |
| comprising both British India & princely states (only foreign, defence & | |
| communication). A constitutional assembly was to be formed consisting of | |
| representatives of Provincial assemblies & princely states, elected on communal | |
| basis in proportion to the population of each province. Envisaged interim govt & | |
| said that until the constitution is framed & the govt estd British forces will not | |
| withdraw. The Congress & Muslim league accepted it in June 1946. | |
| Elections | Following cabinet mission elections were held. Congress secured 205 out of 214 |
| general seats & had support of 4 sikh members. The Muslim league got 73 out of | ||
| 78 Muslim seats. Jinnah became greatly disturbed by the election results. He | ||
| demanded separate constituent assembly & started instigating violent action. Later | ||
| 16 August 1946 was fixed as direct action day to withdraw its acceptance of | ||
| cabinet mission plan. Communal riots broke out in Bengal, United Province, | ||
| Punjab, Sindh & NWFP. Interim government was formed with Jawahar Nehru as | ||
| head& 14 members – 6 congress, 5 League, one each Christian, Sikh & Parsi. | ||
| However Muslim league kept out of the Interim government. | ||
| INA Trails | Held at Red Fort in Delhi. Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Tejbahadur Sapru fought the | |
| case on behalf of three senior INA officers, Shahnawaz khan, P.M. Sehgal & G.S. | ||
| Gurudayal Dhillon led to their acquittal. | ||
| RIN Mutiny 1946 | Indians serving in the Royal Indian Navy mutined. Around 5000 naval ratings put | |
| up INA badges. | ||
| Mountbatten Plan | Mountbatten came to India as Viceroy. He put forth the plan of partition of India | |
| in 3 June 1947. Punjab & Bengla would be divided into two parts with muslim & | ||
| non muslim majority. Baluchistan had the right to determine which side to join. | ||
| The power would be transferred on 15 August 1947. Referendum were to be held | ||
| in NWFP, Sylhet (to join Assam or East Bengal). Legislative assembly of Sindh | ||
| was to decide whether to join India or not. | ||
| Indian Independece | The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence act on 18th July 1947. | |
| Act 1947 | Partition on 15th August. The act provided separate governor generals for the two | |
| dominions. Abolition of the post of secretary of state for India. Pending the | ||
| adoption of new constitution, the administration of the two dominions & the | ||
| provinces would be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the | ||
| government of India act 1935 though special powers of the Governor General & | ||
| the Provincial governors would be ceased. Jinnah became the first governor | ||
| general of Pakistan. | ||
| Unification Drive | On 5th July 1947, Vallabhbhai Patel appealed to the Indian provinces to handover. | |
| He followed up his appeal with a hurricane tour of 40 days in which he invited all | ||
| the native princes to join the Indian union by 5th August. In Kashmir Hari Singh | ||
| sent his PM Meharchand Mahajan with the signed papers for the merger. In | ||
| Hyderabad the nawab wanted to continue his arbitary rule with the help of | ||
| Rajakars. Finally after military action, Rajakars were expelled & the instrument of | ||
| accession signed. | ||
| Pondicherry & Goa | The other French territories were Karaikal, Mahe,Yanam & Chanderinagore. | |
| Chanderinagore had acceded to India on the basis of a plebiscite. In 1954 all the | ||
| French possession in India were formally handed over to India though the legal | ||
| transfer took place in 1962. Operation ‘Vijay’ was carried out for the liberation of | ||
| Goa when satyagraha failed in 1961. It became a state in 1987. | ||
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