Write critical notes on the following: (A) Concept of Public Interest Litigation (B) Right to Equality guaranteed in the Constitution of India

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(A) Concept of Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a legal mechanism that allows individuals or groups to seek justice for issues affecting the public at large, even if they are not directly affected. It was introduced in India to promote social justice and ensure the protection of fundamental rights. The Supreme Court and High Courts entertain PILs under Article 32 and Article 226 of the Constitution, respectively. PILs have played a crucial role in addressing issues like environmental protection, human rights violations, and corruption. However, the misuse of PILs for personal or political gains has raised concerns about judicial overreach and frivolous litigation.

(B) Right to Equality Guaranteed in the Constitution of India
The Right to Equality is enshrined in Articles 14 to 18 of the Indian Constitution and is a fundamental right ensuring fairness and non-discrimination.

Article 14 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of laws.
Article 15 prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
Article 16 ensures equal opportunities in public employment.
Article 17 abolishes untouchability.
Article 18 prohibits titles of nobility.
While the Right to Equality promotes social justice, debates arise regarding affirmative action (reservations) and its balance with meritocracy. Judicial interpretations have upheld reasonable classification but struck down arbitrary discrimination.

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