Panchayati raj of Jharkhand - Jharkhand PCS Exam Notes

Panchayati raj of Jharkhand

Jharkhand came into existence on 15 Nov 2000 as the 28th State of India. Following its constitution as a separate State, Jharkhand enacted its panchayati raj Act 2001 in accordance with the provisions of the 73rd amendment to the Constitution which of the Panchayat Extension to the scheduled Areas Act, 1996, as applicable to the present State. Elections to the Panchayats were held back because the provisions were challenged in the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India and have since been subjudice and method stayed.

The 73rd Constitutional amendment that came into force w.e.f. 24th April, 1993, inserted part IX within the Constitution of India and accorded Panchayats a Constitutional status as establishments of local self-governance for rural India. Article 243M of the Constitution, exempting the Fifth Schedule Areas (FSA) from implementation of part IX of the Constitution, provides that Parliament might by law extend its provisions to the scheduled and tribal Areas subject to such exceptions and modifications as is also per such law and no such law shall be deemed to be an change to the Constitution. On the idea of the report of the Bhuria Committee submitted in 1995, Parliament enacted “The Provisions of the council (Extension to the scheduled Areas) Act, 1996” popularly called PESA Act, extends part IX of the Constitution with bound modifications and exceptions to the Fifth Schedule Areas notified in 10 States viz. Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana. These Schedule areas in 10 States extend in 108 districts (45 fully and 63 part covered).

Gram Sabhas and Panchayats, under PESA Act have been unconditional with larger powers, that embody approval of plans, programmes and comes for social and economic development, obligatory consultation before acquisition of land within the Schedule Areas for development comes and before resettling or rehabilitating persons plagued by such comes, mandatory recommendations before grant of prospecting licence or mining lease and grant of concessions for exploitation of minor minerals in regular Areas. Panchayats and Gram Sabhas, within the regular Areas, are dowered with such powers and authority as is also necessary to modify them to operate as establishments of self-government. PESA Act principally aims to guard the tribal population from exploitation by creating Gram Sabhas and Gram council centres of self-governance and has laid special thrust to empower Gram Sabha that has not been given by the other Act in any State.

Effective implementation of PESA Act can cause the subsequent edges to the tribal population:

institutionalize self-governance and people’s participation in higher cognitive process. By notifying Gram Sabha at village (hamlets or cluster of hamlets/ habitation or cluster of habitations) level, people can feel softer in participating within the governance of the village.

Reduce alienation in tribal areas as they’ll have control over the utilization of public resources within the village through Gram Sabha.

Reduction of alienation and resentment among social group population will have a positive impact in reducing left wing political orientation within the districts plagued by it.
scale back poverty and migration among tribal population as they have control over natural resources like water bodies, forest produce, minerals, etc. control over and management of those resources can improve their livelihoods and incomes.
Minimise exploitation of tribal population as they’ll be ready to control and manage cash disposition, consumption and sale of liquor and conjointly village markets.
Check illegal land alienation and conjointly restore unlawfully alienated tribal land. This may not solely reduce conflict however will improve socio-economic standing of tribal.
Higher implementation on developmental schemes and programmes attributable to increased people’s participation in designing and identification of beneficiaries.
A lot of responsible and responsive native administration attributable to control over functionaries of social sector and conjointly power to issue utilisation certificates.
Promotion of cultural heritage through preservation of traditions, customs and cultural identity of tribal population.

In order to strengthen panchayati raj institutions (PRIs) as per the spirit of the Constitution and therefore the Jharkhand Panchayat raj Act, 2001, the Department of panchayeti raj has beneath taken many schemes like construction of Panchayat Bhawan (Buildings), grants to Zila Parishad space, construction of dak Bungalows, office buildings, Bus stands in Zila Parishad areas, training to PRIs officers and Staffs, Grants to Gram Shabha etc is additionally being undertaken.The major schemes being enforced by the state department square measure Backward Region Grant Fund(BRGF) and Rajiv Gandhi panchayat Sashatrikaran Abhiyan(RGPSA).

Panchayats: a brief

The accepted name for local self governance in India is “Panchayati Raj”. It is been operational in India since past, once people in rural areas use to resolve their issues and problems in their own self outlined means and rule. In social group community, the system of self rule prevailed since ages. The self rule, by no matter name it had been referred to as then had the responsibility to satisfy the native wants and aspirations of the folks living in villages. Recognizing the significance of democratic institutions at the grass root level, the Indian constitution set down in Article 40 of Part-IV of the directive principles of state policy that the “State would initiate steps to prepare village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as is also necessary to alter them to function as units of self government”.
Balwantrai Mehta Committee (1957)

In 1957, Balwantrai Committee report suggested “Public participation in community works ought to be organized through statutory representative bodies.” it had been predicted that without an agency at the village level that would represent the complete community and take responsibility with firm leadership, actual progress in rural development couldn’t be visible. National Development Council additionally certified the basic principle of democratic decentralization enunciated within the Balwantrai Mehta Committee report. Throughout this phase, “Panchayati Raj” gained prevalence as a method of governance linking can of the individuals from the Gram Sabha toi the Lok Sabha. the first 3 tier system was inaugurated in Naguar, Rajasthan in 1959.

Ashok Mehta Committee (1977)

By the early seventies, panchayats had gone from a part of early dominance to one of decline and stagnation. The Ashok Mehta Committee created so much reaching recommendations to amend the case and suggested that Panchayati raj be enclosed within the constitution. specializing in the recommendations of the Ashok Mehta committee, some states revisited their punchayet acts and additionally took new initiatives.

Constitution 73rd Amendment Bill

The congress Government underneath the Prime Minister P.V. Narsimha Rao introduced the 72nd (Panchayat) and 73rd (Municipalities) constitution modification bill primarily based substantially on the bill that was projected throughout the regime of Rajiv Gandhi however conjointly incorporated recommendations of National Front Government. The bill was gone each the homes and therefore the acts came into force because the constitution (73rd amendment) act 1992 and (74th Amendment) act 1993. This additional 2 new elements to the Constitution, particularly part IX covered “The Panchayats” and part IXA tiled “The Municipalities”.
PESA

In last six decades India has achieved important milestones within the areas of economic growth, cultural assimilation and global political interests. However, inside the purview of development the tribal affairs are shoved beneath the shelf to serve the unconditional interest of some. The poor tribals are created to desire aliens in their own indigenous lands.

Over the decades the method of development has frequently led to a progressive erosion of their traditional rights over their natural resources together with the forests. This may be competently ascribed to the lacunae within the laws, faulty implementation, and rapacious exploitation by the unscrupulous traders, money-lenders, etc.

Constitution and the Tribals

In the country most of the tribes are jointly known underneath Article 342 (1&2) as scheduled Tribes and right to self determination secured by part X : The scheduled and tribal Areas – Article 244: Administration of scheduled Areas and tribal Areas.

(1). The provisions of the Fifth Schedule shall apply to the administration and control of the scheduled Areas and scheduled Tribes in any State (other than the states of state, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram).

(2). The provisions of the Sixth Schedule shall apply to the administration of the social group areas within the State of state, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.

The Indian Constitution is meant to safeguard tribal interests, particularly tribal autonomy and their rights over land, through Fifth and Sixth Schedules. scheduled Areas of Article 244(1) are notified as per the Fifth Schedule and social group Areas of Article 244(2) are notified as per the Sixth Schedule.

Sixth Schedule contains provisions on the administration of tribal areas within the states of state, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. This law offers huge freedoms to the autonomous regions and districts in terms of legislative and executive power. Law notes that every autonomous region shall have its own autonomous Regional Council and each autonomous district its own autonomous District Council.

Local Governance in the Tribal Areas

Article 244 of the Constitution of India envisages 3 classes of the tribal Areas, namely:

Areas notified as “scheduled areas” within the specified states (Fifth Schedule)
Areas listed as “Tribal Areas” within the sixth schedule in NER (Administration of tribal areas)
Areas not coated within the above 2 classes. Under the Fifth Schedule 9 states are included.

1. Andhra Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
3. Gujarat
4. Himachal Pradesh
5. Jharkhand
6. Maharashtra
7. Madhya Pradesh
8. Orissa
9. Rajasthan

As a part of the larger State of Bihar, the area presently constituting Jharkhand had seen elections held often since the enactment of the Panchayati raj Act when independence up till 1964. there have been solely 2 a lot of instances of elections within the remainder of the period of last century – once in 1971 and so in 1978; coincidently on each instances Late Shri Karpoori Thakur was the Chief Minister of the State. Following its constitution as a separate State, Jharkhand had enacted its panchayati raj Act in accordance with the provisions of the 73rd change to the Constitution which of the Panchayat Extension to the scheduled Areas Act, 1996 as applicable to the current State.

In order to strengthen punchayeti rule establishments (PRIs) as per the spirit of the Constitution and therefore the Jharkhand Panchayat rule Act, 2001, the Department of punchayeti rule has beneath taken many schemes like construction of Panchayat Bhawan (Buildings), grants to Zilla Parishad space, construction of dhak Bungalows, workplace buildings, Bus stands in Zilla Parishad areas, training to PRIs officers and employees, Grants to Gram Sabha etc is additionally projected to be undertaken.

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