| Later Mughals | |
| 1707-12 | Bahadur Shah I |
| 1712-13 | Jahandar Shah |
| 1713-19 | Farukk Siyar |
| 1719-48 | Muhammad Shah Rangila |
| 1748-54 | Ahmad Shah |
| 1754-59 | Alamgir II |
| 1759-1806 | Shah Alam II |
| 1806-1837 | Akbar Shah II |
| 1837-57 | Bahadur Shah II |
| Later Mughal Rulers | |
| Bahadur Shah I | After the death of Aurangzeb, prince Muazzam, Azam & Kam Bakhsh fought in |
| 1707-1712 | which Mauzzam emerged victorious & assumed the title of Bahadur Shah I. Banda |
| Bahadur who killed Wazir khanwas defeated by him. Was referred to as ‘Shah-i- | |
| Bekhabar’. | |
| Jahandar Shah | Later after Bahadur Shah’s death, his son Jahandar Shah came to power after killing |
| 1712-13 | his other brothers with the help of Zulfikar Khan. He made peace with the Jats, |
| Shahuji & honoured rajput kings. | |
| Farrukh Siyar | Nephew of Jahandar Shah, Farrukh Siyar killed him with the help of Sayyid |
| 1713-19 | brothers – Abdulla Khan (Wazir) & Hussain Ali Khan (Mir Bakshi). Farrukh Siyar |
| tried to check the powers of Sayyid brothers but the latter got him killed & crowned | |
| two princes Raffi-ud-Darajat, Raffi-ud-Daula in quick succession. Later they made | |
| Muhammad Shah (Grandson of Bahadur Shah I) as the king. After his accession the | |
| Sayyid brothers fell victim to the intrigue of Turani Amirs. | |
| Muhammad | During his tenure most the independent kingdoms were established: Nizam-ul-Mulk |
| Shah Rangila | (Deccan),  Saadat Khan (Awadh) & Murshid Quli Khan (Bengal). Iranian King |
| 1719-48 | Nadir Shah invaded in 1739 on invitation of Saadat Khan (Awadh). The latter was |
| imprisoned by Nadir Shah for not able to pay the promised ransom. Nadir Shah | |
| took the peacock throne & the Kohinoor diamond with him. | |
| Ahmad Shah | Son of Muhammad Shah. During his reign Ahmad Shah Abdali (claimed himself |
| 1748-54 | ruler of Kandhar after the assassination of Nadir Shah by Persian in 1747) |
| repeatedly attacked. Later Ahmad Shah was killed & deposed by his own Wazir | |
| Imad-ul-Mulk. | |
| Alamgir II | Actual name Aziz-ud-din. Frequency of Abdali attacks increased. [1754-59] |
| Shah Alam II | 1759-1806 |
| Akbar Shah II | 1806-1837 |
| Bahadur Shah II | 1837-57 |
| Other Contemporary States | ||||||
| Bihar | After Saadat Khan, *Safdarjung* became the king who was an impartial ruler & | |||||
| carried out many reforms & was made the wazir of mughal empire. Shuja-ud-Daula | ||||||
| succeded him to throne. He was also made the wazir of mughal empire but he sided | ||||||
| with Ahmad Shah Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat. | ||||||
| Bengal | Murshid Quli Khan was an able ruler. Later his son in law Shuja-ud-din & his son | |||||
| Sarfaraz came in that order. Sarfaraz was defeated by Alivardi Khan of Bihar. Later | ||||||
| Alivardi Khan was defeated by Raghuji Bhonsle & forced him to surrender Orissa. | ||||||
| After the death of Alivardi khan his grandson Siraj-ud-daula tool over who lost to | ||||||
| Britishers under Lord Clive. | ||||||
| Hyderabad | Nizam-ul-mulk Asaf Jah founded the state of Hyderabad in 1724. | |||||
| Mysore & | Since the downfall of the Vijaynagar empire Wodeyar dynasty was ruling. But in | |||||
| Haider Ali | the 18th century two minister Nanjaraj & Devaraj usurped power early reducing the | |||||
| King Krishna Raj to a puppet. Haider Ali rose to become the Commander-in-Chief | ||||||
| of the Mysore army & became the sultan after Nanjraj’s death. He was defeated by | ||||||
| Peshwa Madhav Rao. | ||||||
| Tipu Sultan | He defeated the combined forces of Marathas & Nizam in 1787 & soon after | |||||
| claimed himself Padshah at Seringapattam. He attempted to reduce the custom of | ||||||
| jagirs& hereditary possession of poligars (small chieftans). He was a staunch | ||||||
| muslim. He donated money to hindus but later got the temples abolished. | ||||||
| Travancore | Martanda Verma | |||||
| Rajput States | Marwar (Ajit Singh), Amer (Sawai Jai Singh) | |||||
| Rohilkhand | Area between Agra & Awadh. Muhammad Khan Bangash ruled who was defeated | |||||
| by Maharana Chhatrasal of Bundelkhand with the help of Marathas. | ||||||
| Sikhs | Ruler of one of the 12 Misls called Sukarchakiya. He with the help of his brave | |||||
| commander Hari Singh Nalwa won Multan, Kashmir & Peshawar. | ||||||
| The Peshwas | ||||||
| 1713-20 | Balaji Vishwanath | Shahu appointed him as the Peshwa. | ||||
| 1720-40 | Baji Rao I | Baji Rao I succeded who was the most charismatic leader in | ||||
| Maratha history after Shivaji.He conquered Malwa, Bundelkhand | ||||||
| & even raided Delhi. | ||||||
| 1740-61 | Balaji Baji Rao | Son of Baji Rao I Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Saheb – different from | ||||
| the later Nana Saheb, adopted son of Baji Rao II) who defeated | ||||||
| the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Maratha however received a | ||||||
| terrible blow at the hands of Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761-Panipat | ||||||
| 1761-72 | Madhav Rao I | Defeated Nizam, Mysore, Rohillas, Rajputs Jats. In 1771 he | ||||
| confined the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II by giving pension. | ||||||
| 1772-73 | Narayan Rao | Short tenure. Tussle with Ragunath Rao over Peshwa claim. | ||||
| 1774-95 | Madhav Rao II | Became Peshwa after treaty of Salbai supported by Nana | ||||
| Phadnavis. In the meantime Mahadji Scindia who had brought | ||||||
| Shah Alam under his control became the actual ruler of Delhi till | ||||||
| his death in 1794. | ||||||
| 1796-1818 | Baji Rao II | Incompetent son of Raghunath Rao (who was had earlier stuggled | ||||
| with Narayan Rao to become Peshwa & sided with Britishers) | ||||||
| Important Battles | |
| 1744-48 | First Anglo-French Carnatic war. Madras returned to British by the treaty of Aix-la- |
| Chappalle. In battle of St. Thome, a small French Army defeated Nawab Anwar-ud- | |
| din’s large one. | |
| 1748-54 | Second Anglo French Carnatic war. The French sided with Muzaffar Jang (grandson of |
| Asaf Jah) & Chanda Sahib (in Carnatic) while the Enlish supported the claims of Nasir | |
| Jang (son of late Nizam, Asaf Jah) & Anwar-ud-din (Carnatic) Initially the French | |
| under Dupleix had success (& stationed officer Bussy at Hyderabad) but later the | |
| English got hold. Treaty of Pondicherry signed. | |
| 1757-63 | Third Anglo French Carnatic war. French captured Fort St. David. Lally did the |
| mistake of recalling Bussy from Hyderabad. Later the French were badly routed at | |
| Wandiwash by the British under Sir Eyre Coote. | |
| 1757 | Battle of Plassey. British under clive & treacher Mir Jaffar routed Siraj-ud-daula. Mir |
| Jafar was made Bengal but later replaced by his son-in-law Mir Kasim. He revolted & | |
| was again replaced by Mir Jafar. | |
| 1760 | Battle of Wandiwash. French decisively defeated |
| 1761 | Third Battle of Panipat. Marathas defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali |
| 1764 | Battle of Buxar. Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-daula & Shah Alam II defeated by Major Munro. |
| Treaty of Allahabad signed which gave the diwani of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa & Bihar to | |
| the Enlish & trading rights in Awadh. Shah Alam on pension of 26 laksh/annum. | |
| 1767-69 | I Anglo Mysore war. Both the British & Haider Ali returned each others territories The |
| britisheres committed to help Haider against a third party invasion | |
| 1775-82 | First Anglo Maratha war. The British army was defeated. The humiliating convention |
| of Wadgaon was concluded in which the company was required to give up all the | |
| advantages of Treaty of Purandhar. Peace was at last restored by treaty of Salbai signed | |
| between Warren Hastings & Mahdji Scindia whereby salsette & Bassein were given to | |
| the British. | |
| 1780-84 | II Anglo Mysore War. In 1782 Haider Ali passed away due to illness leaving the |
| struggle to Tipu. War concluded by treaty of Mangalore | |
| 1790-92 | III Anglo Mysore war. Tipu signed the treaty of Seringapattam |
| 1799 | IV Anglo Mysore war. When the subsidiary alliance was offered to Tipu Sultan he |
| flatly refused & hence the war happened in which the Marathas & the Nizam helped the | |
| Britishers. Tipu died fighting the war. | |
| 1803-1805 | Second Anglo Maratha war. Marathas defeated. |
| 1814-16 | Anglo Nepal war. War came to an end by treaty of Sagauli |
| 1817-19 | Third Anglo Maratha war. Marathas decisively defeated |
| 1823-26 | First Anglo Burmese war. Buremese defeated & conducted Treaty of Yandahboo |
| 1839-42 | First Anglo Afghan war. The Britishers were defeated. |
| 1845-46 | First Anglo-Sikh war. Sikhs defeated & Treaty of Lahore conducted |
| 1848-49 | Second Anglo Sikh war. Sikhs defeated & Punjab annexed to British. Maharaja Dalip |
| Singh given an annual pension of 50,000 pounds & sent to England for higher studies | |
| & later converted to Christianity. The Kohinoor was gifted to Queen Victoria. | |
| 1852 | Second Anglo Burmese war. English successful |
| 1878-80 | Second Anglo Afghan war. English suffered losses. |
| 1885-87 | Third Anglo Burmese war. English annexed Burma |
| 1919-21 | Third Anglo Afghan war. English though victorious did not benefit from the war. |
| Important Treaties | |||||||||
| Treaty of Pondicherry | After the II Carnatic war. Muhammad Ali, son of late Anwar-ud-din was | ||||||||
| accepted as the Nawab of Carnatic. | |||||||||
| Treaty of Mangalore | Signed between Tipu & British in 1784. Under this Tipu withdrew his army | ||||||||
| 1784 | from Carnatic & English withdrew theirs from the Carnatic. | ||||||||
| Treaty of Seringapattam | After III Anglo Mysore war. Tipu had to pay heavy war indemnity & send as | ||||||||
| 1792 | hostages his two sons to the English. Half of his territory was ceded. He paid | ||||||||
| the war indemnity & his two sons were released. | |||||||||
| Treaty of Amritsar 1809 | Signed between British & Ranjit Singh in which the latter recognized their | ||||||||
| rights in the Cis-Sutlej areas. | |||||||||
| Treaty of Sagauli | After Anglo Nepalese war. The Gurkhas gave up their claim over the Tarai | ||||||||
| region& ceded claim over the areas of Kumaon & Garhwal to the British. | |||||||||
| Treaty of Lahore | After the first Anglo Sikh war. The territories lying to the south of river | ||||||||
| Sutlej were given to the company. | |||||||||
| Land Settlements | |||||||||
| Zamindari System (19%) | Bengal, Bihar, Banaras, division of NW provinces & northern Carnatic. | ||||||||
| 90 % of the revenue went to government & 10 % to Zamindar (British) | |||||||||
| Mahalwari System (30%) | Major parts of NW provinces, Central provinces & Punjab. Responsibility | ||||||||
| of paying revenue was with the entire village or mahal. (Based on | |||||||||
| traditional Indian system of economic community) | |||||||||
| Ryotwari system (51%) | Bombay & Madras presidencies, Assam, Berar & certain other parts. Land | ||||||||
| revenue was fixed for 20-40 years at a time (French in Origin) | |||||||||
| Books/Articles & Authors (Modern) | |||||||||
| Ghulamgiri (challenged superiority of Brahmins) | Jyotiba Phule | ||||||||
| Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (Gift to Monotheists in Persian) | Raja Rammohun Roy | ||||||||
| Dharma Tritiya Ratna, Ishvara & Life of Shivaji | Jyotiba Phule | ||||||||
| New Lamp for the Old (Series of Articles criticizing Congress) | Aurobindo Ghosh | ||||||||
| Doctrine of Passive Resistance (Articles in Bande Mataram) | Aurobindo Ghosh | ||||||||
| Indian War of Independence (seized by British) | V.D. Savarkar | ||||||||
| Loyal Muhammadans of India | Sayyid Ahmad Khan | ||||||||
| Tahaib-al-Akhlaq | Sayyid Ahmad Khan | ||||||||
| Asbab-e-Bagawar-e-Hind (Held Bahadur Shah II as fool for revolting) | Sayyed Ahmad Khan | ||||||||
| Neel Darpan | Dinbandhu Mitra | ||||||||
| How did America get Freedom | Ram Prasad Bismil | ||||||||
| The activities of Bolsheviks, The wave of the Mind, Colour of Swadeshi, | Ram Prasad Bismil | ||||||||
| Revolutionary Life | |||||||||
| Systematic History of Ancient India | V.A. Smith | ||||||||
| Hindu Polity | K.P. Jayaswal | ||||||||
| Political History of Ancient India | H.C. Raychaudhary | ||||||||
| A History of Ancient India; A history of South India | K.A. Nilkant Shastri | ||||||||
| Hindu Civilization; Chandragupta Maurya; Asoka; | R.K. Mookerji | ||||||||
| Fundamental Unity of India | |||||||||
| History of Dharmashastra | P.V. Kane | ||||||||
| The Wonder That was India | A.L. Basham | ||||||||
| Socio-Religious Reformers & their Organizations | |||||||||
| Atmiya Sabha (1815) | Raja Rammohun Roy |
| Brahmo Samaj (1828) | Raja Rammohun Roy. |
| Tattvabodhini Sabha (1839). Later merged with | Mahrishi Devendranath Tagore. |
| Brahmo Samaj in 1842 | |
| Indian national Social Conference | M.G. Ranade |
| Harijan Sevak Sangh | Mahatma Gandhi |
| Satya Shodhak Samaj (1873) | Jyotirao Phule (fight caste oppression) |
| Shri Narayana Dharma Partiplana Yogama | Shri Narayan Guru (fight caste oppression) |
| South Indian Liberal Federation (later became | T. Teagaraja & T.M. Nair (Self respect) |
| justice party & then Dravida Kazhagam) | |
| Prarthana Samaj (1867) | Atma Ram Pandurang |
| Arya Samaj (1875) | Swami Dayanand |
| Servants of India Society (1905) | Gopal Krishna Gokhale (Rejected Knighthood) |
| Hindu Dharma Sangrakshini Sabha (1893 at | Chapekar Brothers – Damodar & Balakrishna. |
| Nasik) | |
| Abhinav Bharat | V.D. Savarkar |
| New India Association | V.D. Savarkar |
| Anushilan Samiti | Aurobindo Ghose, Barindra Kumar Ghose, B.P. |
| Mitra, Abinash Bhattacharya & Bhupendra Dutta | |
| Patriotic Association | Sayyid Ahmad Khan |
| Muhammad Anglo-Oriental Defence Association | Sayyid Ahmad Khan |
| Bahiskrit Hitkarni Sabha (1924) | B.R. Ambedkar |
| Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Varg Sabha | B.R. Ambedkar |
| Movements/Organizations | |
| Aligarh Movement | Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan |
| Deoband | Represented by Mohammad Qasim Nanautavi & Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. |
| Movement | Nanautavi founded the ‘Dar-ul-Ullema’ madrasa at Deoband. This movement was |
| strictly based on Islamic tradition unlike liberal Aligarh movement. The also | |
| promulgated a fatwa against Sayyid Ahmad’s associations. In 1919, Mufti Liyaqat | |
| Ullah Sahib founded the, ‘Jamaitul Ulema-i-Hind’ to further work in this | |
| direction. His role was prominent in the Khilafat movement. | |
| Muslim League | Nawab Wakar-ul-Mulk presided over a gathering at the invitation of Nawab Salim |
| Ullah of Dacca. Muslim league was the result. The constitution of the league was | |
| prepared in 1907 at Karachi. The first session of the league was held in 1908 at | |
| Amritsar. The same year Aga Khan became the president. The league supported | |
| partition of Bengal & was a loyalist organization. After 1913 Aga Khan left the | |
| league which led to the emergence of new leaders like Muhammad Ali, Shaukat | |
| Ali & M.A. Ansari. | |
| Home Rule League | Estd by Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. She was the president & |
| other members included Arundale, P.C. Ramaswamy Iyer, V.P. Wadia. | |
| Balgangadhar Tilak had estd another Home Rule League in April 1916 at Pune. | |
| Champaran | European planters forced the farmers to cultivate Indigo on atleast 3/20 |
| Satyagraha 1917 | (Tinkathiya) parts of their land. Rajendra Prasad, Mazhur-ul-Haq, J.B. Kriplani, |
| Mahadev Desai accompanied him. An enquiry was set up to alleviate miseries of | |
| which even Gandhi was a member. | |
| Kheda Satyagraha | Kheda peasants refused to pay revenue due to failure of crops. After Satyagraha |
| 1918 | the government issued instructions to collect revenue only from those who could |
| afford to pay. Indulal Yagnik & Vallabh Bhai Patel supported Gandhi. | |
| Ahmedabad Mill | Mahatma Gandhi considered 35 % increase in salary as just. He undertook a fast |
| Problem 1918 | unto death & the strike came to an end. Ambalal Sarabhai’s sister Anasuya Behn |
| was main lieutenant of Gandhi here. | |
| Rowlatt Act | In March 1919, the Britishers passed the Rowlatt Act according to which any |
| Indian could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. A nationwide satyagraha was | |
| organized which involved arrest of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr Satyapal, Dr. Saiffuddin | |
| Kitchlew & Arya Samaj leader Swami Shradhananda (shoot if you can rally). | |
| Jallianwala Bagh | Demanded to know the whereabouts of Satyapal and Kitchlew throught the |
| Massacre | reciting of the poem ‘Fariyad’ on the day of Baisakhi (13th April, 1919). Martial |
| law was proclaimed later at Lahore, Gujarat & Layal with curfew at Amritsar. An | |
| enquiry was setup under Hunter. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his title. | |
| Khilafat Movement | Sultan of Turkey was the Caliph. The allied powers were arrayed against Turkey. |
| Mulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saiffudin Kitchlew, Maulvi Abdulbari, | |
| Hakim Ajmal Khan & the Ali brothers were prominent leaders. British signed the | |
| Treaty of Tibers, partitioned Turkey & its Sultan was made a prisoner & sent to | |
| Constantinople. | |
| Non Cooperation | Approval at Congress session in 1920. Leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie |
| 1920-22 | Besant & Bipin Chandra Pal not in agreement & left the congress. Students took |
| their names off school. Kashi Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth, Jamia Milia Islamia | |
| were set up. No Congress leader contested for elections. Mass demonstrations | |
| before Duke of Connaught & Prince of wales. Tilak Swarajya Fund was | |
| established. Moplah rebellion was the ugly face. Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, UP | |
| incidence led to its recall. Congress leaders like Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das | |
| formed as separate group within the congress known as Swarajya Party with a | |
| purpose not to let the movement lapse. | |
| AITUC | Formed in 1920 with Lotvala’s help. M.N Roy, Muzzafarabad Ahmad, S. A |
| 1920 | Dange & Shaukat Osmani led the trade unionist movements. The Britishers |
| leveled the kanpur/Meerut conspiracy against them. | |
| Swaraj Party | Suspension of Non Cooperation movement disoriented the leadership. |
| Chittaranjan Das & Motilal Nehru were called ‘Pro-Changers’ & did not support | |
| the non cooperation movement. The other group was ‘no-changers’ & included C. | |
| Rajgopalachari, M.A. Ansari. In 1923 Das & Nehru formed the Swaraj Party at | |
| Allahabad with a view to take part in the 1923 Council elections. The swaraj party | |
| got clear majority in the Central legislature & Provincial legislatures except | |
| Bengal. After the passing away of Chittaranjan Das in 1925 the party weakened & | |
| further some of the leaders became corrupt. Therefore in the election of 1926 it | |
| suffered miserable defeat in all the provinces except Madras. | |
| Hindustan | Established in October 1924 in Kanpur by revolutionaries like Ramprasad Bismil, |
| Republic | Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad and Sachindranath Sanyal. The Kakori |
| Associaiton 1924 | Train Action was a notable act of terrorism by this group but trial prooved to be a |
| major setback.However, the group was reorganized under the leadership of | |
| Chandrashekhar Azad and with members like Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan | |
| Vohra and Sukhdev on 9 and 10 September 1928- and the group was now | |
| christened Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). Bhagat Singh, | |
| Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in March 1931. | |
| Communist Party | Was declared illegal in 1934. This ban continued till 1942 when there was an |
| of India 1925 | agreement that the communist will support British in the war effort & sabotage the |
| quit India movement. In a memorandum to the Cabinet Mission in 1946, they put | |
| forward a plan for the division of India into 17 sovereign states. | |
| Bardoli Satyagraha | In Bardoli district of Surat under Vallabh Bhai Patel. The government had raised |
| the tax rate by 30% despite famine. | |
| All India States | Formed in 1926 whose first session was held under the presidentship of the |
| People Conference | famous leader of Ellore, Diwan Bahadur M. Ramachandra Rai. |
| Simon | The purpose was the review the Act of 1919 after a gap of ten years. The 7 |
| Commission | member commission was labeled ‘White Men Commission’. Huge demonstration |
| under Govind Vallabh Pant at Lucknow & Lala Lajpat at Lahore. The report of | |
| Simon Commission was published in May 1930. It stated the constitutional | |
| experiment with Dyarchy was unsuccessful & in its place recommended the | |
| establishment of autonomous government. It recommended special powers to | |
| governor general & governors to look after the interest of minorities, | |
| strengthening the centre, increasing electorate base on communal basis, | |
| Indianization of defence forces, delink Burma from India & Sindh from Bombay. | |
| The Indians rejected the report as it gave no regard to Dominion Status. It became | |
| a basis for the Govt of India Act 1935. | |
| Nehru Report, | Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead challenged the Indians to produce a |
| 1928 | constitution that would be acceptable to all. A meeting held at Bombay set up a 8 |
| member committee headed by Motilal Nehru & others included Bose, Tej Bahadur | |
| Sapru, Sir Ali Imam, Shahib Qureshi, Sardar Mangal Singh, MS Anney & G.R | |
| Pradhan. The report was placed before Congress Session in Calcutta in 1928 | |
| where it was adopted unanimously. It recommended reservation for minorities | |
| instead of separate electorates. Jinnah & President of Central Sikh league, Sardar | |
| Kharak Singh rejected it. Later Jinnah convened an All India Conference of | |
| Muslims & drew up a list of 14 point. Jawahar & Bose were not happy with the | |
| dominion status. | |
| Dandi March | Reached Dandi after marching with 78 handpicked followers & formally launched |
| April 1930 | the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the Salt laws. Many muslims kept |
| themselves aloof but in the NWFP an organization of Khudai Khidmatgar | |
| (Servants of Gods – Red Shirts) under Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi) | |
| participated in full. | |
| I Round table | Held under the Chairmanship of Ramsay MacDonald. Failed to resolve any issues |
| Conference | as it was opposed by congress. |
| Nov 1930 | |
| Gandhi Irwin Pact | As per it Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement & |
| March 1931 | participate in the Second Round Table conference but most of the leaders did not |
| like this pact. | |
| II Round Table | At London. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India as no agreement could be reached. |
| Conference 1931 | In January 1932 the civil disobedience movement was resumed. |
| McDonald | The British PM Ramsay MacDonald made an announcement according to which |
| Communal Award | the depressed classes were considered as separate community. Mahatma Gandhi |
| 1932 | went on a fast unto death in Yeravada Jail. An agreement was reached with the |
| consent of Mahatma Gandhi & Ambedkar which came to be known as ‘Poona | |
| Act’. The British government also approved it. Accordingly 148 seats were | |
| reserved in different provincial legislatures in place of 71 as per communal award. | |
| III Round Table | The congress once more didn’t take part in it. None the less the British |
| Conference 1932 | Government issued a white paper which became basis for Govt of India Act 1935. |
| Individual Civil Disobedience was launched in 1933 | |
| Congress Socialist | founded in 1934 by Jai Praksh Narain & Acharya Narendra Deva within the |
| Party 1934 | Indian National Congress. Its members rejected what they saw as the Communist |
| Party of India’s loyalty to the USSR as well as the anti-rational mysticism of | |
| Mohandas Gandhi. Although a socialist, Jawaharlal Nehru did not join the CSP. | |
| After independence, the CSP broke away from Congress, under the influence of JP | |
| Narayan and Basawon Singh (Sinha), to form the Socialist Party of India. | |
| August Offer 1940 | Envisaged that after the war a representative body of Indians would be set up to |
| frame the new constitution. | |
| Individual | Started in October 1940. In it Vinoba Bhave, Jawahar Nehru & Brahma Dutt were |
| Satyagraha 1940 | the first 3 satyagrahis. |
| Cripps Mission | Viceroy Lord Linlithgow expanded is Executive council by taking five more |
| 1942 | Indians into it. The Indians were dissatisfied as it did not like the rights of the |
| princely states to join or stay out of the Indian constitution. The demand for Pak | |
| also not considered leading to Muslim league rejecting the plan. | |
| Quit India | The fear of an impending Japanese invasion Gandhi launched this campaign. In |
| Movement | the midst the government arrested all Indian leaders – Gandhi at Poona, others at |
| 1942-44 | Ahmadnagar fort. Rajendra Prasad was interned in Patna. The Congress Socialist |
| Party whith its leaders like Ram Manohar Lohia, Achyuta Patwardhan played | |
| important role. Communist Party remained loyal to the British. The Muslims by & | |
| large remained indifferent. | |
| INA | Captain Mohan Singh founded it in 1942. In 1943 he reached Singapore & gave a |
| the cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’. He was made the president of the Indian Independence | |
| League. The name of the brigades were Subhash, Gandhi, Nehru & Rani | |
| Lakshmibai. In Nov 1943, Japan handed over Andamans & Nicobar Islands to | |
| him. He named them Shaheed Island & Swaraj Island respectively. The army | |
| marched towards imphal after registering victory over Kohima. But later Japan | |
| accepted defeat & Subhas died in a plain crash after crossing Formosa Island. | |
| C.R. Formula 1944 | To resolve the constitutional impasse Rajagopalachari evolved a formula in March |
| 1944. But it was rejected by Jinnah who would not settle without Pakistan. | |
| Wavell Plan & | The main provisions were akin to Cripps mission proposals. It essentially dealt |
| Shimla Conference | with the Indian demand of self-rule & reconstitution of viceroy’s executive |
| 1945 | council giving a balanced representation to the major communities. Executive |
| council was an interim arrangement in which all but the Viceory & the | |
| Commander in Chief were to be Indians & all portfolios except defence were to be | |
| held by Indian members. Conference broke down because of Jinnah’s insistence | |
| that Muslim league alone represented Indian Muslims & hence no non league | |
| muslim members could be nominated to viceroy’s council. | |
| Cabinet Mission | Pathick Lawrence (secretary of state for India), Stafford Cripps & A.B. Alexander. |
| 1946 | Jinnah stuck his demand for Pakistan. It proposed the formation of Union of India |
| comprising both British India & princely states (only foreign, defence & | |
| communication). A constitutional assembly was to be formed consisting of | |
| representatives of Provincial assemblies & princely states, elected on communal | |
| basis in proportion to the population of each province. Envisaged interim govt & | |
| said that until the constitution is framed & the govt estd British forces will not | |
| withdraw. The Congress & Muslim league accepted it in June 1946. | |
| Elections | Following cabinet mission elections were held. Congress secured 205 out of 214 |
| general seats & had support of 4 sikh members. The Muslim league got 73 out of | ||
| 78 Muslim seats. Jinnah became greatly disturbed by the election results. He | ||
| demanded separate constituent assembly & started instigating violent action. Later | ||
| 16 August 1946 was fixed as direct action day to withdraw its acceptance of | ||
| cabinet mission plan. Communal riots broke out in Bengal, United Province, | ||
| Punjab, Sindh & NWFP. Interim government was formed with Jawahar Nehru as | ||
| head& 14 members – 6 congress, 5 League, one each Christian, Sikh & Parsi. | ||
| However Muslim league kept out of the Interim government. | ||
| INA Trails | Held at Red Fort in Delhi. Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Tejbahadur Sapru fought the | |
| case on behalf of three senior INA officers, Shahnawaz khan, P.M. Sehgal & G.S. | ||
| Gurudayal Dhillon led to their acquittal. | ||
| RIN Mutiny 1946 | Indians serving in the Royal Indian Navy mutined. Around 5000 naval ratings put | |
| up INA badges. | ||
| Mountbatten Plan | Mountbatten came to India as Viceroy. He put forth the plan of partition of India | |
| in 3 June 1947. Punjab & Bengla would be divided into two parts with muslim & | ||
| non muslim majority. Baluchistan had the right to determine which side to join. | ||
| The power would be transferred on 15 August 1947. Referendum were to be held | ||
| in NWFP, Sylhet (to join Assam or East Bengal). Legislative assembly of Sindh | ||
| was to decide whether to join India or not. | ||
| Indian Independece | The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence act on 18th July 1947. | |
| Act 1947 | Partition on 15th August. The act provided separate governor generals for the two | |
| dominions. Abolition of the post of secretary of state for India. Pending the | ||
| adoption of new constitution, the administration of the two dominions & the | ||
| provinces would be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the | ||
| government of India act 1935 though special powers of the Governor General & | ||
| the Provincial governors would be ceased. Jinnah became the first governor | ||
| general of Pakistan. | ||
| Unification Drive | On 5th July 1947, Vallabhbhai Patel appealed to the Indian provinces to handover. | |
| He followed up his appeal with a hurricane tour of 40 days in which he invited all | ||
| the native princes to join the Indian union by 5th August. In Kashmir Hari Singh | ||
| sent his PM Meharchand Mahajan with the signed papers for the merger. In | ||
| Hyderabad the nawab wanted to continue his arbitary rule with the help of | ||
| Rajakars. Finally after military action, Rajakars were expelled & the instrument of | ||
| accession signed. | ||
| Pondicherry & Goa | The other French territories were Karaikal, Mahe,Yanam & Chandernagore. | |
| Chandernagore had acceded to India on the basis of a plebiscite. In 1954 all the | ||
| French possession in India were formally handed over to India though the legal | ||
| transfer took place in 1962. Operation ‘Vijay’ was carried out for the liberation of | ||
| Goa when satyagraha failed in 1961. It became a state in 1987. | ||
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