The Post-Mauryan period (circa 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE) in Jharkhand was a time of significant transition and change. With the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the region saw the rise of new powers, including the Shunga and Kanva dynasties, alongside the continued assertion of local rulers and tribal groups. This period witnessed a complex interplay of these forces, shaping the political, social, and cultural landscape of Jharkhand.
Shunga and Kanva Influence
While the Shungas and Kanvas did not directly rule over Jharkhand, their influence was felt in various ways:
Political and Administrative: Though their core territories lay in the Gangetic plains, the Shungas and Kanvas likely exerted some political control over parts of Jharkhand, especially the areas bordering their kingdom. This could have involved alliances, tributary relationships, or even direct administration in certain regions.
Cultural and Religious: The Shungas were known for their patronage of Brahmanism and the revival of Vedic traditions. This influence likely spread to Jharkhand, where Brahmanical practices and beliefs may have gained prominence. The Kanvas, while also supporting Brahmanism, were more tolerant of Buddhism and Jainism, which could have contributed to the continued presence of these religions in the region.
Trade and Economy: The Shungas and Kanvas oversaw a period of economic prosperity in northern India, and this likely had spillover effects in Jharkhand. The region's rich mineral resources and forest products may have been integrated into wider trade networks, contributing to its economic development.
Local Dynasties and Tribal Autonomy
Despite the influence of larger empires, local dynasties and tribal groups continued to play a significant role in Jharkhand during the Post-Mauryan period.
Local Rulers: Several local dynasties emerged in different parts of Jharkhand, such as the Magadhas, the Vakatakas, and the Guptas. These rulers often competed for control over resources and territory, leading to a fragmented political landscape. However, they also contributed to the development of local art, architecture, and culture.
Tribal Communities: Tribal groups like the Santhals, Mundas, Oraons, and Hos continued to inhabit the forested regions of Jharkhand. They maintained their unique social structures, customs, and beliefs, often resisting assimilation into the dominant cultures. Their control over forest resources and their knowledge of the terrain gave them a degree of autonomy and influence in the region.
Key Features of the Period
Religious Diversity: The Post-Mauryan period saw a mix of religious beliefs and practices in Jharkhand. Brahmanism gained prominence under the Shungas, while Buddhism and Jainism continued to have adherents. Tribal communities also maintained their own animistic traditions.
Economic Development: The region's mineral resources, particularly iron ore, and its forest products like timber and lac, contributed to its economic growth. Trade with other parts of India and even overseas may have flourished during this period.
Cultural Fusion: The interaction between different cultures, including those of the Shungas and Kanvas, local dynasties, and tribal communities, led to a unique blend of traditions and practices in Jharkhand. This is reflected in the art, architecture, and literature of the period.