Jharkhand, a land rich in tribal history and culture, has witnessed the rise and fall of numerous indigenous kingdoms. Among the most prominent were the Nagvanshi and Khayaravala dynasties, who played a significant role in shaping the region's political and social landscape during the early medieval period.
The Nagvanshi Dynasty
The Nagvanshi dynasty, also known as the Kokhra chieftaincy, held sway over a large part of the Chotanagpur plateau for centuries. Their rule, steeped in legend and tradition, is believed to have commenced as early as the 4th century CE, though legendary accounts trace their origins back to the 1st century BCE.
Origins and Rise to Power:
The Nagvanshis claimed descent from a mythical Naga (serpent) king, Pundrika Naga, imbuing their lineage with a mystical aura. Their early history remains shrouded in legend, with Phani Mukut Rai recognized as the first historical king. Gradually, they consolidated their power, establishing their capital at Sutiambe and later shifting it to present-day Chutia in Ranchi.
Governance and Administration:
The Nagvanshi kings were known for their benevolent rule and patronized a mixed form of governance. While they were Hindu rulers, they respected the indigenous tribal traditions and customs, fostering a harmonious relationship between different communities. Land ownership was primarily communal, with the king acting as the custodian of the land. Village headmen played a crucial role in local administration, ensuring the well-being of the people and collecting taxes.
Cultural Contributions:
The Nagvanshis were patrons of art and architecture. They constructed numerous temples and forts, showcasing their architectural prowess. The Jagannath Temple in Ranchi stands as a testament to their legacy. They also promoted the Nagpuri language, which served as the court language and lingua franca of the region.
Decline:
The Nagvanshi dynasty faced challenges from neighboring kingdoms and internal conflicts. In the 16th century, they became vassals of the Mughal Empire, and their power gradually diminished. However, they continued to hold influence in the region until the 20th century when their estate was merged with the Republic of India.
The Khayaravala Dynasty
The Khayaravala dynasty, a lesser-known but significant power, ruled parts of present-day Bihar and Jharkhand during the 11th and 12th centuries. Their capital was located at Khayaragarh in the Shahabad district.
Origins and Rule:
The Khayaravalas are believed to have originated from the Kharwar tribe, an indigenous community in the region. They initially served as feudatories of the Gahadavala dynasty of Varanasi. Pratapadhavala emerged as a powerful ruler in the 12th century, expanding the kingdom's territory and leaving behind rock inscriptions that provide valuable insights into their reign.
Governance and Society:
Information about the Khayaravala administration is limited. However, inscriptions suggest a hierarchical system with the king at the apex, followed by officials and local chiefs. The dynasty's association with the Kharwars indicates a strong tribal influence in their governance.
Decline:
The Khayaravala dynasty's decline is not well documented. It is likely that they were overshadowed by the rising power of neighboring kingdoms or succumbed to internal strife.
Early Tribal Rulers and Governance
The early tribal rulers of Jharkhand, including the Nagvanshis and Khayaravalas, governed with a blend of centralized authority and respect for local customs. They recognized the importance of tribal traditions and incorporated them into their administrative systems.
Key Features of Early Tribal Governance:
Mixed Governance: While the rulers adopted Hinduism or other dominant religions, they acknowledged and respected the indigenous belief systems and practices.
Decentralized Administration: Village headmen and local chiefs played a vital role in governance, ensuring effective administration at the grassroots level.
Communal Land Ownership: Land was largely considered a communal resource, with the king acting as its protector and distributor.
Emphasis on Welfare: The rulers prioritized the well-being of their subjects, ensuring their protection and providing basic amenities