JPSC MAINS 2016 Paper-6

Points to Remember: Definition of cancer. Classification of cancers based on cell type and origin. Examples of various cancer types. Identification of known carcinogens. Introduction: Cancer is a broad term encompassing a group of over 100 diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. These cells ignore the body’s normal growth regulatory … Read more Define cancer. Give an account of various kinds of cancers. Mention a list of carcinogens.

Points to Remember: Definition and causes of the global energy crisis. Types of alternative energy sources (renewable and non-renewable). Advantages and disadvantages of each alternative source. Policy recommendations for transitioning to alternative energy. Sustainability and environmental impact considerations. Introduction: The global energy crisis refers to a period of significant disruption in the global energy market, … Read more What is the global energy crisis? Give a detailed account of alternative sources of energy.

Points to Remember: Objective: To understand the key features of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). Approach: Factual, focusing on the scheme’s design and implementation. Introduction: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), launched in 2016, is a flagship crop insurance scheme of the Government of India. It aims to provide comprehensive insurance coverage to farmers … Read more Explain in brief the salient features of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana.

Points to Remember: Definition and scope of solid waste management (SWM). Causes of urban and industrial waste generation. Environmental, health, and economic effects of improper SWM. Control methods for urban and industrial waste, including waste reduction, reuse, recycling, and disposal. Policy recommendations for improved SWM. Introduction: Solid waste management (SWM) encompasses the collection, transportation, processing, … Read more What is solid waste management? Write the causes, effects, and control methods of urban and industrial waste.

Points to Remember: The overwhelming scientific consensus confirms human-induced climate change. Multiple lines of evidence support this conclusion. Understanding the causes is crucial for effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. Introduction: Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, but since the 1800s, human activities have been the … Read more Explain the evidence and causes of climate change.

Points to Remember: Sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine sex in most mammals. Genes located on sex chromosomes exhibit sex-linked inheritance. Sex-linked traits are more common in one sex than the other. Recessive sex-linked traits are more frequent in males. Introduction: Sex-linked inheritance refers to the inheritance of traits determined by genes located on the … Read more What do you understand by sex-linked inheritance? Illustrate with suitable examples.

Points to Remember: Four major pituitary hormones: Growth Hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH). Functions of each hormone, including their target organs and effects. Potential consequences of hormone imbalances. Introduction: The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. … Read more Name four important hormones of the Pituitary gland. Discuss their functions.

Points to Remember: Definition and types of agroforestry systems. Environmental benefits (carbon sequestration, biodiversity, soil health). Economic benefits (increased income, diversification). Social benefits (improved livelihoods, food security). Management practices (species selection, site preparation, maintenance). Challenges and limitations of agroforestry. Introduction: Agroforestry is a land use management system that integrates trees and shrubs with crops and/or … Read more What do you mean by Agroforestry? Describe the importance of Agroforestry and its management.

Points to Remember: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease. The causative agent of leprosy is a bacterium. Several bacterial genera are mentioned in the options, each causing different diseases. Introduction: Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is a curable infectious disease caused by a bacterium. It primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, mucosa of the … Read more Leprosy is caused due to (A) Clostridium (B) Salmonella (C) Mycobacterium (D) Bacillus

Points to Remember: Infrasonic sounds are below the range of human hearing. Ultrasonic sounds are above the range of human hearing. Both have natural and artificial sources. Ultrasonic sounds have specific characteristics and numerous applications. Introduction: Sound is a form of energy that travels as waves, caused by vibrations. The human ear can typically detect … Read more What are infrasonic and ultrasonic sounds? Name the sources of infrasonic sound in nature. Describe the characteristics and applications of ultrasonic sound.

Points to Remember: Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion Definition and causes of Lunar and Solar eclipses Differences between Lunar and Solar eclipses Introduction: Johannes Kepler, a prominent 17th-century astronomer, revolutionized our understanding of planetary motion by formulating three fundamental laws. These laws, derived from meticulous observations of planetary positions, particularly those of Mars by … Read more State Keplerâ??s laws of planetary motion. Distinguish between a Lunar eclipse and a Solar eclipse.

Points to Remember: The correct year of implementation of the HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act. Understanding the significance of this Act in addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Introduction: The HIV/AIDS epidemic has posed a significant global health challenge, demanding comprehensive prevention and control strategies. Many countries have enacted legislation to address the spread of … Read more The HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act was implemented in (A) 2014 (B) 2015 (C) 2016 (D) 2017

Points to Remember: GIS stands for Geographic Information System. GIS is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. Data in GIS can be categorized into various types based on its nature and representation. Introduction: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are powerful tools used for managing and analyzing … Read more GIS deals with which kind of data? (A) Numeric data (B) Binary data (C) Spatial data (D) Complex data

Points to Remember: Conventional energy sources are those that have been used for a long time and are readily available. Renewable energy sources are replenished naturally and are sustainable. Non-renewable energy sources are finite and will eventually be depleted. Introduction: The question asks to identify a conventional source of energy from the given options. Conventional … Read more A conventional source of energy is (A) Wind energy (B) Solar energy (C) Coal (D) Nuclear energy

Points to Remember: Rainwater harvesting’s impact on groundwater recharge. Rainwater harvesting’s effect on surface runoff. Rainwater harvesting’s role in flood mitigation. Introduction: Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of rainwater for various purposes, including domestic use, irrigation, and industrial applications. It’s a sustainable water management technique gaining increasing importance globally due to growing … Read more The advantage of implementing rainwater harvesting is (A) It recharges groundwater levels (B) It reduces runoff (C) It avoids flooding (D) All of the above

Points to Remember: The Sardar Sarovar Project is a large-scale dam project in India. The project’s location is crucial to understanding its impact and purpose. The question requires factual knowledge about the river on which the dam is built. Introduction: The Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) is a major dam project on the Narmada River in … Read more Sardar Sarovar Project is built on (A) Sone river (B) Tapti river (C) Narmada river (D) None of the above

Keywords: Red Data Book, endangered plants, endangered animals, data. Required Approach: Factual Points to Remember: The Red Data Book’s purpose is to document threatened species. It’s a crucial tool for conservation efforts. The book categorizes species based on their risk of extinction. Introduction: The Red Data Book, also known as the Red List, is a … Read more Red data book provides data on (A) Red flower plants (B) Red colored fishes (C) Red colored insects (D) Endangered plants and animals

Keywords: Food-grain, Cereals, Pulses, Oil seeds, Spices. Required Approach: Factual Points to Remember: Definition of food grains. Major categories of food grains. Distinction between cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and spices. Introduction: Food grains are the staple food crops that form the foundation of human diets globally. They provide essential carbohydrates, proteins, and fats necessary for sustenance … Read more Food-grain includes the following crops (A) Cereals and Pulses (B) Cereals and Oil seeds (C) Cereals, Pulses and Oil seeds (D) Cereals, Pulses, Oil seeds and Spices

Points to Remember: The question tests knowledge of India’s agroclimatic zones as classified by the 1989 Planning Commission Report. Jharkhand’s geographical location is crucial to determining its agroclimatic zone. The options provided represent distinct agroclimatic regions within India. Introduction: The Planning Commission of India, in its 1989 report, divided the country into various agroclimatic zones … Read more As per the Planning Commission Report (1989) on Agroclimatic zones of India, Jharkhand comes under (A) Central Plateau and hill region (B) Western Plateau and hill region (C) Eastern Plateau and hill region (D) Trans Gangetic plain region

Points to Remember: An ecosystem is a complex network of living organisms and their non-living environment. Four key components are necessary for a functional ecosystem. Understanding the interactions between these components is crucial for ecosystem health. Introduction: The question asks to identify the four components that constitute an ecosystem. An ecosystem is a dynamic, interconnected … Read more Which four components constitute an ecosystem? (A) Water, Carbon, Oxygen, Sulphur (B) Soil, Temperature, Humidity, Rainfall (C) Abiotic materials, Producers, Consumers, Decomposers (D) Herbivores, Carnivores, Bacteria, Parasites

Points to Remember: The question tests knowledge of cell biology and the functions of different organelles. The correct answer will identify the organelle primarily responsible for ATP production. Introduction: Cells are the fundamental units of life, and their proper functioning depends on the coordinated activities of various specialized structures called organelles. Each organelle plays a … Read more The organelles called the â??power houseâ? of the cell are (A) Golgi apparatus (B) Ribosomes (C) Mitochondria (D) Lysosomes

Points to Remember: Major plant nutrients are essential for plant growth and development. Macronutrients are required in larger quantities than micronutrients. Deficiency of any major nutrient can lead to stunted growth and reduced yield. Introduction: Plants, like all living organisms, require nutrients for growth and survival. These nutrients are absorbed from the soil through the … Read more The major nutrients for plants are (A) Fe, Mn, Zn (B) N, P, K (C) Cu, Mo, B (D) Co, Cl, Na

Points to Remember: Neem tree’s multifaceted uses. Economic and environmental significance of Neem. Sustainable utilization of Neem resources. Introduction: The Neem tree ( Azadirachta indica) is a tropical evergreen tree native to the Indian subcontinent. It holds immense cultural and economic significance across many parts of the world, particularly in South Asia. For centuries, it … Read more The uses of the Neem tree include (A) Timber (B) Medicinal (C) Fertilizer (D) All of the above

Points to Remember: The question asks to identify the “Father of Genetics.” The answer requires factual knowledge of the history of genetics. Introduction: Genetics, the study of heredity and variation in living organisms, has a rich history. The understanding of how traits are passed from one generation to the next has evolved significantly over time. … Read more Father of Genetics is (A) Mendel (B) Morgan (C) Muller (D) Hugo de Vries

Points to Remember: Prophase I is the longest and most complex phase of meiosis I. It involves five distinct sub-stages characterized by specific chromosomal events. The correct sequence of these sub-stages is crucial for understanding the process of homologous chromosome pairing and recombination. Introduction: Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the … Read more Stages in proper sequence of Prophase I are (A) Zygotene, Leptotene, Pachytene, Diakinesis, Diplotene (B) Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis (C) Leptotene, Pachytene, Zygotene, Diakinesis, Diplotene (D) Diplotene, Diakinesis, Pachytene, Zygotene, Leptotene

Points to Remember: Haemophilia’s genetic basis. Its inheritance pattern. Distinction from infectious and nutritional deficiency diseases. Introduction: Haemophilia is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder. It’s characterized by a deficiency in certain clotting factors in the blood, leading to prolonged bleeding even from minor injuries. Unlike infectious diseases like influenza or measles, which are caused by … Read more Haemophilia is (A) An infectious disease (B) A sex-linked disease (C) Caused by malnutrition (D) None of the above

Points to Remember: Work done is the product of force and displacement in the direction of the force. Work done is independent of the path taken (for conservative forces like gravity). Work done is independent of the time taken. Work done is directly proportional to the weight (force) of the body lifted. Introduction: This question … Read more A body is lifted from the ground onto a table by you. The amount of work performed in the process does not depend upon (A) The path along which you lifted the body (B) The time taken by you in the process (C) The weight of the body (D) Your own weight

Points to Remember: Earth’s orbital path around the Sun. Shapes of orbits (circular, elliptical, parabolic, hyperbolic). Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion. Introduction: The question asks about the shape of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Understanding this requires knowledge of celestial mechanics and Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion. Kepler, through meticulous observation of planetary movements, … Read more The orbit of revolution of the earth around the sun is (A) Circular (B) Elliptical (C) Parabolic (D) Hyperbolic

Points to Remember: Conservative forces and their relationship with potential energy. Work-energy theorem. Definition of positive work. Introduction: This question tests the understanding of the relationship between conservative forces and potential energy. A conservative force is a force with the property that the work done in moving a particle between two points is independent of … Read more When a conservative force does positive work on a body, its potential energy (A) Increases (B) Decreases (C) Remains unaltered (D) Fluctuates

Points to Remember: Sound is a form of energy that travels as waves. The frequency of a sound wave determines its pitch. Human hearing range is typically 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Sounds outside this range have specific names. Introduction: Sound is a longitudinal wave that propagates through a medium (like air, water, or solids). … Read more Sound of frequency below 20 Hz are called (A) Audio sounds (B) Infrasonics (C) Ultrasonics (D) Supersonics