In the category of natural food preservatives comes the salt, sugar, alcohol, vinegar etc. These are the traditional preservatives in food that are also used at home while making pickles, jams and juices etc. Also the freezing, boiling, smoking, salting are considered to be the natural ways of preserving food. Coffee powder and soup are … Read more
These are the some types of robots given below: Articulated: The feature of this robot is its rotary joints and range of these are from 2 to 10 or more joints. The arm is connected to the rotary joint and each joint is known as the axis which provides a range of movements. Cartesian: These are also … Read more
Inbreeding: Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4- 6 generations. Out Crossing: This is the practice of mating of animals within the same breed, but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations. Cross-breeding: In this method, superior males of … Read more
The immune system is a complex network of cells and organs that work together to defend against Foreign substances. There are various cells associated with immune system: B-cell: It is a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies. Antibodies are large Y-shaped proteins which bind to specific antigens. This signals the other cells of … Read more
There are many branches in medicine. Here are some of them. Anatomy: This is the study of the physical structure of the body. Biochemistry: A biochemist studies chemical components and how they affect the body. Biomechanics: This focuses on the structure of biological systems in the body and how they work, using a mechanical approach. … Read more
Popular uses of polycarbonate can include aircraft parts, data storage devices, dome lights, eye protection, multiwall sheets, electronic components and more. Due to polycarbonates ability to withstand extreme temperatures for prolonged periods of time, it is often used in components for various industries, including: Aircrafts and Aerospace Components Greenhouses and Agriculture Industrial Lighting Electronic Components … Read more
Mitosis When the chromosomes condense during cell division, they have already undergone replication. Each chromosome thus consists of two identical replicas, called chromatids, joined at a point called the centromere. During mitosis the sister chromatids separate, one going to each daughter cell. Chromosomes thus meet the first criterion for being the repository of genes: they … Read more
Digital India Corporation (Formerly Media Lab Asia) is a not for profit organization set up by Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Govt. of India, under Section 25 of the Companies Act 1956 (Section 8 under Companies Act 2013). The objective of the company is to bring the benefits of ICT to the common … Read more
The Codex Alimentarius is the food code that has become the global food standard for consumer foods, food producers and processors, national food regulatory agencies and international trade practices. The code has enormous impact and its influence extends to every continent. The Codex Alimentarius Commission was created in 1963 by the UN Food and Agricultural … Read more
Allogamy Allogamy occurs when the gametes which join together during fertilization come from two different individuals. The female gamete is usually in the form of an egg or ovum while the male gamete takes the form of a sperm. Both egg and sperm are cells specialized to perform the task of reproduction; each sex cell … Read more
The immune system is a complex network of cells and organs that work together to defend against Foreign substances. There are various cells associated with immune system: B-cell: It is a type of white blood cell that makesantibodies. Antibodies are large Y-shaped proteinswhich bind to specific antigens. This signals theother cells of the immune system … Read more
A quantum computer employs the principles of quantum mechanics to store information in ‘qubits’ instead of the typical ‘bits’ of 1 and 0. Just as a bit is the basic unit of information in a classical computer, a qubit is the basic unit of information in a quantum computer. It takes advantage of the strange … Read more
Pathogenic Bacteria These bacteria cause great losses to plant and animal population by causing several diseases. Reduction of Soil Fertility Some facultative anaerobic bacteria are available mostly in the oxygen deficient soil which reverse the nitrifying process, thereby causing the loss of a part of its combined nitrogen. They break down the nitrates in a … Read more
Seeker Technology :The seeker technology is a critical technology that determines the accuracy of a missile. So far, the seeker technology had come from Russia. The technology is a closely guarded secret. Mastering it is a significant milestone in missile technology and would reduce import dependence. The seeker was developed by Research Centre Imarat … Read more
BIOFIN is a global partnership seeking to address the biodiversity finance challenge in a comprehensive manner – building a sound business case for increased investment in the management of ecosystems and biodiversity. The goals of BIOFIN include the following: Develop and pilot a new approach and methodology to fill the financing gap for biodiversity; Support … Read more
The remarkable march of India into the world of biosciences and technological advances began in 1986. That year, government of india accepted the vision that unless India created a separate Department for Biotechnology, within the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India the country would not progress to the desired extent. This was because … Read more
Polystyrene in Appliances Refrigerators, air conditioners, ovens, microwaves, vacuum cleaners, blenders – these and other appliances often are made with polystyrene (solid and foam) because it is inert (doesn’t react with other materials), cost-effective and long-lasting. Polystyrene in Automotive Polystyrene (solid and foam) is used to make many car parts, including knobs, instrument … Read more
The vision of the programme is centred on three key areas Digital infrastructure as Utility to Every Citizen Governance and services on demand Digital empowerment of citizens Digital Infrastructure as Utility to Every Citizen Availability of high speed internet as a core utility for delivery of services to citizens. Cradle to grave digital identity that … Read more
Implantations of nanotransmitters and nanosensors within individuals have opened gates for monitoring and treating them at the microscopic level with the use of nanodevices. But this crosses traditional bounderies of care in the hospitals as persons can get the treatment done while siting in their homes . Pateients at home could have access to … Read more
The spinal cord, running almost the full length of the back, carries information between the brain and body, but also carries out other tasks. From the brainstem, where the spinal cord meets the brain, 31 spinal nerves enter the cord. Along its length, it connects with the nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that … Read more
Directional Movements Directional changes are called tropic movements. Tropic movements are the one which occurs in the direction of the stimulus. Positive phototropism is responding by bending towards the sunlight which can be seen in shoots. Negative geotropism is growing away from the ground which is also shown by shoots. Roots exhibit negative photo tropism … Read more
Composting is an anaerobic microbially driven process that converts organic wastes into stable sanitary humus like material. This material can then be safely returned to the natural environment. This method is actually a low moisture, solid substrate fermentation process. In large- scale operations using largely domestic solid wastes, the final product is mostly used for … Read more
Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DEIT) had taken up an initiative in February 2002 for setting up of Community Information Centres (CICs) in the hilly, far-flung rural areas of the country to bring the benefits of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) to the people for socio-economic development of these regions and to alleviate the … Read more
In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of somedisease state. More generally a biomarker is anything that can be used as an indicator of aparticular disease state or some other physiological state of an organism. A biomarker can be a substance that is introduced into an organism as a … Read more
a) Pyramid of Number: This represents the number of organisms at each trophic level. For example, in grassland the number of grasses is more than the number of herbivores that feed on them and the number of herbivores is more than the number of carnivores. In some instances, the pyramid of number may be inverted, i.e … Read more
VOIP is IP enabled voice calling technology over internet. Example: Skype, Yahoo messenger,MSN messenger.It requires broadband connectivity to make a call along with IP enables like Computers,Smartphone etc.The voice is converted into digital packets and transmitted to destination over packet switchednetwork. Advantages of VOIP are: Cost of calling is cheaper than normal phone. No need … Read more
Many somatic plant cells, including some fully differentiated types (e.g. leaf mesophyll),provided they contain intact nuclear, plastid and mitochondrial genomes, have the capacity to regenerate into whole plants. This phenomenon is totipotency.Totipotent cells from plants have been used in tissue-culture techniques to produce improved plant materials that are pathogen-free and disease-resistant. Totipotent cells fromanimals are … Read more
There are several ways of removing particulate matter; the most widelyused of which is the electrostatic precipitator, which can remove over 99 per cent particulate matter present in the exhaust from a thermal power plant. It has electrode wires that are maintained at several thousand volts, which produce a corona that releases electrons. These electrons … Read more
The ways through which gender equality can be increased are: Involving women and girls in decision making process in programmes at grassroots level such as designing ways to implement MDGs, forming SHGs, talking about sex education etc. A simple gesture of girls using mobile phones increases their confidence. Stopping child marriages and strict action … Read more
The history of medicinal plants is intimately connected with the history of botany. Primitive man, in constant terror of diseases, lived at the mercy of nature. From the earliest times, tribal priests and medicine men (witch doctors) used various plants, minerals and animal organs, usually in association with strange rituals and incantation, to drive out … Read more
Bt brinjal is the first food crop under evaluation for commercial release in India. Since its development in 2000, the crop has undergone rigorous scientific evaluation to assess its food safety, environmental safety, human and animal health safety and biodiversity. Rigorous scientific tests, including toxicity and allergenicity evaluation as well as nutritional studies on rabbits, … Read more
Biotech-KISAN scheme is a farmer centric scheme for farmers, developed by and with farmers. It is a Pan-India program, following a hub-and spoke model and stimulates entrepreneurship and innovation in farmers and empowers women. The Biotech- KISAN Hubs are expected to fulfil the technology requirement to generate agriculture and bio-resource related jobs and better livelihood … Read more
Gaseous refinery products include hydrogen, fuel gas, ethane, propane, and butane. Most of the hydrogen is consumed in refinery desulfurization facilities, which remove hydrogen sulfide from the gas stream and then separate that compound into elemental hydrogen and sulfur; small quantities of the hydrogen may be delivered to the refinery fuel system. Refinery fuel gas … Read more
The lymphatic system has three primary functions: Fluid balance The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance. It returns excess fluid and proteins from the tissues that cannot be returned through the blood vessels. The fluid is found in tissue spaces and cavities, in the tiny spaces surrounding cells, known as the interstitial spaces. These are … Read more
Renovascular hypertension Renovascular hypertension is high blood pressure due to narrowing of the arteries that carry blood to the kidneys. This condition is also called renal artery stenosis. renal artery stenosis is a narrowing or blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys. The most common cause of renal artery stenosis is a … Read more
To describe the phenomena related to magnets, lines are used to depict the force existing in the area surrounding the magnet. These lines are called the magnetic lines of force. These lines do not exist actually, but are imaginary lines that are used to illustrate and describe the pattern of the magnetic field. As shown … Read more
Genetically modified crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has beenmodified using genetic engineering techniques. The aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in thespecies. In food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases, or environmentalconditions, and improving the nutrient profile of the crop. … Read more
Hydrogen bombs are thermonuclearweapons which employs fusion of isotopes ofhydrogen. The result is greatly increased explosivepower when compared to single-stage fissionweapons.The energy released in a Hydrogen bombis several magnitudes higher than anAtom bomb. A fusion bomb is more sophisticated anddifficult to make, since it requires a muchhigher temperature — in the order ofmillions of degrees … Read more
The Mission envisages empowering our national academic and R&D institutions spread over the country by installing a vast supercomputing grid comprising of more than 70 high-performance computing facilities. These supercomputers will also be networked on the National Supercomputing grid over the National Knowledge Network (NKN). The Mission would be implemented and steered jointly by the … Read more
Local Area Network (LAN) It is also called LAN and designed for small physical areas such as an office, group of buildings or a factory. LANs are used widely as it is easy to design and to troubleshoot. Personal computers and workstations are connected to each other through LANs. We can use different types of … Read more
Linear motion, also called uniform motion or rectilinear motion, motion in one spatial dimension. According to Newton’s first law (also known as the principle of inertia), a body with no net force acting on it will either remain at rest or continue to move with uniform speed in a straight line, according to its initial … Read more
Applications of tissue culture Rapid Clonal Propagation A clone is a group of individuals or cells derived from a single parent individual or cell through asexual reproduction. All the cells in callus or suspension culture are derived from a single explants by mitotic division. Therefore, all plantlets regenerated from a callus/suspension culture generally have the … Read more
Applications of hydraulic pressure Hydraulic Lifts and Fluid Power Blaise Pascal derived a law that explains how people can harness the power of fluids. When you apply pressure to liquid in a confined container, that pressure transmits equally to all other points in the container. According to the law, it’s also possible for a hydraulic … Read more
Electrical transformers can be classified into different categories depending upon their end-use, construction, supply, and purpose. On the Basis of Design Core Type Transformer This transformer features two horizontal sections with two vertical limbs and a rectangular core with a magnetic circuit. Cylindrical coils (HV and LV) are placed on the central limb of the core … Read more
Applications of atmospheric pressure Drinking Straw When drinking with a straw, one has to suck the straw. This causes the pressure in hte straw to decrease. The external atmospheric pressure, which is greater, will then act on the surface of the water in the glass, causing it to rise through the straw. Rubber Sucker When … Read more
Stem Cells: Stem cells are a class of undifferentiatedcells that are able to differentiate into specialized celltypes. Commonly, stem cells are of the followingtypes: Embryonic stem cells – derived from the inner cellmass of an embryo and these are capable offorming any cell types of the bodyAdult stem cells – also known as somatic stem … Read more
Biofertilisersare organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. The main sources of biofertilisers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria. Rhizobium bacteria is found in symbiotic assosiation the root nodules of leguminousplants. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms, which is used bythe plant as nutrient.Azotobacter and Azospirillum also fix atmospheric nitrogen, but these … Read more
Powder and liquid detergent can be used for other purposes besides cleaning clothes or dishes. This can save you money from having to buy multiple cleaning products. All-Purpose Cleaner Either form of detergent can be used to clean tiles, floors, counters, tubs and toilets. Mix 3/4 of a cup of bleach, 1 cup of detergent … Read more
Aloe vera: It can be used as a topical agent for soothing burns and can be ingested to reduce post-meal glucose highs associated with diabetes and pre-diabetes. Black cohosh: The roots and rhizomes of this flowering plant can help treat hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant was used medicinally to treat menopause … Read more
Improvement in Yield Gene technology plays important role in increasing the productivity of food, fibre and vegetable crops ensuring food security which is essential for international peace and stability. Thus it is an important mean to fight hunger. The transgenes generally are not yield enhancing genes. The increase in yield or productivity is achieved by … Read more
