JPSC Mains 2024 Notes
Get topicwise printed notes for JPSC Mains Exam 2024 developed by experienced faculty of PSCNOTES.One Point Solution for JPSC Preparation
Zamindari System (19%) Bengal, Bihar, Banaras, division of NW provinces & northern Carinatic. 90 % of the revenue went to government & 10 % to Zamindar (British) Mahalwari System (30%) Major parts of NW provinces, Central provinces & Punjab. Responsibility of paying … Read more Land Settlements
Treaty of Pondicherry After the II Carinatic war. Muhammad Ali, son of late Anwar-ud-din was accepted as the Nawab of Carinatic. Treaty of Mangalore Signed between Tipu & British in 1784. Under this Tipu withdrew his army 1784 from Carinatic & English withdrew … Read more Important Treaties
1744-48 First Anglo-French Carinatic war. Madras returned to British by the treaty of Aix-la- Chappalle. In battle of St. Thome, a small French Army defeated Nawab Anwar-ud- din’s large one. 1748-54 Second Anglo French Carinatic war. The French sided with Muzaffar Jang (grandson of Asaf Jah) & Chanda Sahib (in Carinatic) while … Read more Important Battles
1713-20 Balaji Vishwanath Shahu appointed him as the Peshwa. 1720-40 Baji Rao I Baji Rao I succeded who was the most charismatic leader in Maratha history after Shivaji.He conquered Malwa, Bundelkhand & even … Read more The Peshwas
Bihar After Saadat Khan, *Safdarjung* became the king who was an impartial ruler & carried out many reforms & was made the wazir of mughal empire. Shuja-ud-Daula succeded him to throne. He was also made the wazir of mughal … Read more Other Contemporary States
1707-12 Bahadur Shah I 1712-13 Jahandar Shah 1713-19 Farukk Siyar 1719-48 Muhammad Shah Rangila 1748-54 Ahmad Shah 1754-59 Alamgir II 1759-1806 Shah Alam II 1806-1837 Akbar Shah II 1837-57 Bahadur Shah II Later Mughal Rulers Bahadur Shah I After the death of Aurangzeb, prince Muazzam, Azam & Kam Bakhsh fought in … Read more Modern Period – Later Mughals
Varina Vyavastha or Varina System Vedas prescribe that all human beings should leave ignorance, get educated, select a profession for himself based on his “tatva” (basic traits) and education, take a vow to follow such a profession, and follow such a profession. Vedas classifies all profession into three viz. “Knowledge based”, … Read more Ancient Indian Cultural System & Ideals
North India Ghadvalas Chandradeva*. Jaichandra fought Muhammad Ghur Chandellas of Jejakabhukti/Bundelkhand *Vidyadhara* & Yashovarman Paramaras of Malwa Vakpati Munjal & *Bhoja* Chahamanas/Chauhans of Sakambhari Vigraharaja IV Visaladeva, *Prithviraj III* (Chauhan) Kalachuris of Tripuri Kokalla, Gangeyadeva & *Karina* … Read more Medieval India
Decision making is an essential part of planning. Decision making and problem solving are used in all management functions, although usually they are considered a part of the planning phase. A discussion of the origins of management science leads into one on modeling, the five-step process of management science, and the process of engineering … Read more Decision-Making: concept, process and techniques
Marketing Management is a social and managerial process by which individuals or firms obtain what they need or want through creating, offering, exchanging products of value with each others. CORE CONCEPTS OF MARKETING NEED/ WANT/ DEMAND: Need: It is state of deprivation of some basic satisfaction. Want: Desire for specific … Read more MARKETING MANAGEMENT
Marketing involves a number of activities. To begin with, an organisation may decide on its target group of customers to be served. Once the target group is decided, the product is to be placed in the market by providing the appropriate product, price, distribution and promotional efforts. These are to be combined or mixed … Read more MARKETING MIX
Concept: Wealth maximization is the concept of increasing the value of a business in order to increase the value of the shares held by stockholders. The concept requires a company’s management team to continually search for the highest possible returns on funds invested in the business, while mitigating any associated … Read more WEALTH MAXIMIZATION
Sources of finance are the most explored area especially for the entrepreneurs about to start a new business. It is perhaps the toughest part of all the efforts. There are various sources of finance classified based on time period, ownership and control, and source of generation of finance. The process of selecting right … Read more SOURCE OF FINANCE
The financial requirement of a firm can be met through ownership capital and/or borrowed capital. The ownership capital refers to the amount of capital contributed by the owners. In case of a company, it refers to the amount of funds raised by issuing shares. The main characteristic of the ownership capital is that its … Read more CAPITAL STRUCTURE
Performance appraisal is a vital tool to measure the frameworks set by any organization to its employees. It is utilized to track individual contribution and performance against organizational goals and to identify individual strengths and opportunities for future improvements and assessed whether organizational goals are achievedor serves as basis for the company’s future planning … Read more Appraisal System
COORDINATION “The Harmonization of activities of different work groups and departments.” Coordination is the orderly arrangement of individual and group efforts to provide unity of action in the pursuit of a common goal. All these departments must function in an integrated manner so that the organisational goal can be duly … Read more FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT : COORDINATION AND CONTROL
Directing is concerned with instructing, guiding, supervising and inspiring people in the organisation to achieve its objectives. It is the process of telling people what to do and seeing that they do it in the best possiblemanner. Elements in Directing: The four essential elements in Directing are : Communication … Read more FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT- DIRECTION (Communication,Supervision,Motivation,Leadership)
Staffing refers to the managerial function of employing and developing human resources for carrying out the various managerial and non-managerial activities in an organisation. This involves determining the manpower requirement, and the methods of recruiting, selecting, training and developing the people for various positions created in the organisation. Staffing function is an integral … Read more FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT – STAFFING
Organizing is the process of identification and grouping of activities, assigning duties and delegating authority to the managers, allocating necessary resources and establishing coordination among individuals and department of an organization with a view to attain its objectives. PROCESS OF ORGANIZING : The process of organising consists of the following steps … Read more FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT – ORGANIZING
Functions of Management:- Planning Organizing Staffing Direction Coordination and control Decision making OUTPUT Attainment goals effectively & efficiently INPUTS/RESOURCES Human Finance CONTROLLING Measuring performance with standards & taking corrective actions PLANNING Setting of objects & selecting ways ORGANIZING Establishing relationships, Delagting authority & assign tasks DIRECTING Leading & motivating employees … Read more FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
Management is a process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, accomplish selected aims. In other words,”It is the accomplishment of Goals through others.” Management has been used in different senses. Sometimes it refers to the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating and controlling at other times … Read more MANAGEMENT
S.No Name of National Parks/ Wild Life Sanctuary District Area(Sq.km.) National Parks 1 Keoladeo National Park Bharatpur 28.73 2 Ranthambore National Park Sawai Madhopur 392.50 Sub Total 421.23 Sanctuaries 1 Bandh Baratha WL Sanctuary Bharatpur 199.50 2 Bassi WL Sanctuary Chittorgarh 138.69 3 Bhensrodgarh WL Sanctuary Chittorgarh 229.14 4 Darrah Game Sanctuary Kota, Jhalawar … Read more National Parks and Sanctuaries in Rajasthan
Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic system where the water table is usually near the water surface and land is covered by shallow water. Essential as: control floods, water treatment, recharging of water sources, reduce sediments, check soil erosion, bulwark against encroachment by the sea, winter resort for birds and important … Read more Wetland Conservation Programme
March 17, 2016 admin 0 Comments Treaty Signed/Into force Major Points Aarhus Convention on Access to information for public participation in decision making and access to justice in environmental matters 1998 Aarhus is a Danish city Adopted at the fourth ministerial conference in the ‘Environment for Europe’ process Links environmental rights and human rights India – No … Read more Important Environmental Treaties
An increase in the average temperature of Earth’s near surface air and oceans since the mid-20thcentury 4thassessment report of IPCC: global temperature increased 74+18 degree C during the 20thcentury. Caused by greenhouse gases Water vapour, Co2, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Ozone, CFCs (in order of abundance) Since the industrial revolution, the burning of fossil fuels has increased … Read more Global Warming
E — WASTE E-waste is not hazardous if it is stocked in safe storage or recycled by scientific methods or transported from one place to the other in parts or in totality in the formal sector. The e-waste can be considered hazardous if recycled by primitive methods Survey was carried out by the Central Pollution … Read more ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION 2
defined as ‘an addition or excessive addition of certain materials to the physical environment (water, air and lands), making it less fit or unfit for life’. Pollutants are the materials or factors, which cause adverse effect on the natural quality of any component of the environment. Classifications According to the form in which they … Read more ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
located where river meets the sea. the most productive water bodies in the world The complete salinity range from 0-35 ppt is seen from the head (river end) to the mouth (sea end) of an estuary Coastal lakes which have their connection with the sea through small openings are better known as lagoons or … Read more ESTUARY ECOSYSTEM
Areas of marsh, fen, peatland/water, whether natural (or) artificial, permanent (or) temporary with water that is static (or) flowing, fresh, brackish (or) salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 mtrs. Wetlands Classification- Inland wetland- a)Natural- Lakes / Ponds, Ox-bow Lakes, Waterlogged, Swamp/marsh b) Manmade- … Read more WET LAND ECOSYSTEM
Any – body of standing water, generally large enough in area and depth, irrespective of its hydrology, ecology, and other characteristics is generally known as lake. Ageing of Lakes The nutrient enrichment of the lakes promotes the growth of algae, aquatic plants and various fauna. This process is known as natural eutrophication. Similar nutrient … Read more LAKE ECOLOGY
Fresh water ecosystems- The salt content of fresh bodies is very low, always less than 5 ppt (parts per thousand). E.g lakes, ponds, pools, springs, streams, and rivers Marine ecosystems – the water bodies containing salt concentration equal to or above that of sea water (i.e., 35 ppt or above). E.g shallow seas and … Read more AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
Deserts are formed in regions with less than 25 cm of annual rainfall, .or sometimes in hot regions where there is more rainfall, but unevenly distributed in the annual cycle. Lack’ of rain in the mid latitude is often due to stable high pressure zones; deserts in temperate regions often lie in “rain shadows”, … Read more DESERT ECOSYSTEM
found where rainfall is about 25-75 cm per year, not enough to support a forest, but more than that of a true desert. vegetation formations that are generally found in temperate climates. In India, they are found mainly in the high Himalayas. The rest of India’s grasslands aremainly composed of steppes and savannas. Steppe … Read more GRASSLAND ECOSYTEM
Forest ecosystem includes a complex assemblage of different kinds of biotic communities. Optimum conditions such as temperature and ground moisture are responsible for the establishment of forest communities. Forests may be evergreen or deciduous which are distinguished on the basis of leaf into broad-leafed or needle leafed coniferous forests in the case of … Read more FOREST ECOSYSTEM
The interrelations between organisms and environment on the land constitute “Terrestrial Ecology”. The most important limiting factors of the terrestrial ecosystems are moisture and temperature. TUNDRA The word tundra means a “barren land” since they are found where environmental conditions are very severe. There are two types of tundra- arctic and … Read more TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
Ecology is defined “as a scientific study of the relationship of the living organisms with each other and with their environment.” The classical texts of the Vedic period such as the Vedas, the Samhitas, the Brahmanas and the Aranyakas-Upanishads contain many references to ecological concepts .The Indian treatise on medicine, the Caraka- Samhita … Read more ECOLOGY
Miscellaneous Facts: India’s GDP per Capita 622 (US $ PPP). It is 684 US $ for Pakistan. The top 3 countries with external debt are Brazil (235 billion $), China (193 billion $) & Russia (175 billion $). India is 9th with 112 billion $. Functional employment occurs when people change from … Read more Miscellaneous Facts:
Commissions/Committees & Their Purpose Arjun Sen Gupta Public Sector Enterprise Autonomy Committee Rangarajan Committee Disinvestment of PSUs & Balance of Payments. Malhotra Committee Insurance Sector & its regulation. Follow up led to setting up of IRDA. Madhukar Committee Gold exchange traded fund implementation. L.C. Gupta Committee … Read more Commissions/Committees & Their Purpose
Four Modes of Services under GATT Mode 1 Cross border trade, which is defined as delivery of a service from the territory of one country into the territory of other country; Mode 2 Consumption abroad – this mode covers supply of a service of one country to the service consumer of any … Read more Four Modes of Services under GATT
Direct & Indirect Taxes Direct Tax Indirect Tax Corporation Tax Excise Duties Income Tax Service Tax Interest Tax Central Value Added Tax (Vat) Expenditure Tax Sales Tax Wealth Tax Property Tax Gift Tax … Read more Direct & Indirect Taxes
Components of Money Supply M1 Consists of currency with the public (ie notes & coins in circulation minus cash with the banks) plus demand deposits with the bank (deposits which can be withdrawn without notice) plus other deposits with RBI (usually negligible). Also called narrow money M2 M1 + saving … Read more Components of Money Supply
Organizations & Their Survey/Reports 1. World Economic & Social Survey U. N 2. World Investment Report UNCTAD 3. Global Competitiveness Report World Economic Forum 4. World Economic Outlook IMF 5. Business Competitive Index World Economic Forum 6. Green Index World Bank 7. Business Confidence Index NCAER 8. Poverty Ratio Planning Commission 9. Economic Survey Ministry … Read more Organizations & Their Survey/Reports
Millenium Development Goals 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development
Financial Inclusion Financial inclusion or inclusive financing is the delivery of financial services at affordable costs to sections of disadvantaged and low-income segments of society, in contrast to financial exclusion where those services are not available or affordable. Government of India has launched an innovative scheme of Jan Dhan Yojna for Financial Inclusion to provide … Read more Financial Inclusion
Role of Commercial Banks A Commercial bank is a type of financial institution that provides services such as accepting deposits, making business loans, and offering basic investment products There is acute shortage of capital. People lack initiative and enterprise. Means of transport are undeveloped. Industry is depressed. The commercial banks help in overcoming these obstacles and promoting … Read more Role of Commercial Banks
Money Supply Money supply is the entire stock of currency and other liquid instruments in a country’s economy as of a particular time. The money supply can include cash, coins and balances held in checking and savings accounts. Money Supply can be estimated as narrow or broad money. There are four measures of money supply … Read more MONEY SUPPLY
Indian Public Finance Value Added Tax Under the constitution the States have the exclusive power to tax sales and purchases of goods other than newspapers There are however defects of sales tax It is regressive in nature. Families with low income a larger proportion of their income as sales tax. Has a cascading effect – … Read more INDIAN PUBLIC FINANCE
Monetary Policies Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency. Objectives of Monetary Policies are:- Accelerated growth of the economy Balancing saving and investments Exchange rate stabilization Price … Read more MONETARY POLICIES
Public Finance Public finance is the study of the role of the government in the economy. It is the branch of economics which assesses the government revenue and government expenditure of the public authorities and the adjustment of one or the other to achieve desirable effects and avoid undesirable ones. It includes the study of … Read more PUBLIC FINANCE
Subsidies- Cash Transfer of Subsidy Issue. A subsidy is a benefit given by the government to groups or individuals usually in the form of a cash payment or tax reduction. The subsidy is usually given to remove some type of burden and is often considered to be in the interest of the public. Direct Cash … Read more -SUBSIDIES- CASH RANSFER OF SUBSIDY ISSUE